網狀織內皮細胞系統이 胸腺『아렐기-』性變化에 미치는 影響에關한 實驗的硏究

柳昌鉉 최신의학사 1958 最新醫學 Vol.1 No.1

Series of studies regarding to the relation of the R.E.S. to allergic changes were carried out by many investigators. Boyd, Topley and Wilson, Wilson and Bloom, Hayashi and Maruyama described the produc- tion of antibody in the R.E.S.. Oka found that anaphyla ctic shock was inhibited by splenectomy. Prof.Yun, Far- mer reported that anaphylactic shock was inhibited by thymusectomy: Meanwhile, Ogawa and Isida recogni- zed that , anaphylactic shock was aggrevated by the administration of thymic substance. Juiigeblut and Berlot, Gay and Clark, Tuft, Oka, Sakurai, Watanave, Hirakawa and Ozima and Iwaii also recognized inhibition of anaphylactic shock in !he R.E.S. blockaded animals. Akahoshi, Apitz, Klinge and Umasugi reported that the main hyperallergic changes in liver were changed' in the stellet cells. Haedel and,Karsue have reported that anaphylactic- shock was inhibited by the-injection of a large dose of India ink solution and was aggrevated by a small dose of India ink solution: Prof. Yun, Moldovan, Slavoacet et Zolog found a protective substance against anaphylactic shock in the serum of the R. E. S. blockaded animal and claimed that the protective substance seems to be corresponded by the endocrine function in the R.E.S..Seul has reported that allergic in the liver were inhibited either by the injection of India ink solution or serum from the R. E. S. blockaded animal. 'Song also has recognized that the injection of India ink solution or serum from the R. E. S. blockaded animal inhibited allergic changes in the lungs. The experiment to be reported in this paper was to study the influence of the R.E.S. on allergic changes in thymus. Experimental material and method Normal rabbit weighing around 800 grams were used. I cc. of normal horse serum per kilogram of horse serum per kilogram of body weight given' locally . in thymus parencyma two weeks later.: For blockading the R.E.S., India ink solution obtained by the sterili- zation of i0% of BOPIL MUkJIP saline. solution was used. 1. Nonsensitizing group. The normal horse serum was injected locally in'the thymus parenchyma without sensitization. 2. Sensitizing group. The normal horse serum was injected subcutaneo 4 times for sensitizing. For reinjection, O.I cc, of normal horse serum per kilogram of body weight was given to the thymus parenchyma two weeks later. 3. Single injection of 50c. India ink solution. Allergic changes were observed in rabbits into which India ink solution, 5 cc. per kilogram of body Weight, was injected- intravenously 24 hours before sensitization. 4. Plural injection of 5 cc. India ink solution. Allergic changes were observed An rabbits into which India, ink :solution, 5 cc. per kilogram of body weight, was injected intravenouslly 6 times with 12 hours intervals 24 hours before sensitization. 5. Injection of the serum from normal rabbits. Allergic changes in. the thymus were observed in rabbits into which normal rabbit serum, 2 cc. per kilogram of body weight was injected intravenously 24 hours before sensitization. 6. Injection of the serum from single injection of 5 cc. India ink solution. Serum from rabbits, 2 cc. per kilogram of body weight,' into 'which 5 cc, of India ink solution per kilogram. of body weight had,,been injected was given 24 hours before sensitization. ` 7. Injection' of the serum from "plural injection of 5 cc. India ink solution. "The serum from rabbits, ,2 cc. per kilogram of body weight, into which 5, cc, of India ink solution per Kilogram of body weight " had been `injected 6 times with 12 hours intervals was given 24 hours before sensitization. Discussion Moldvan, Slovoaca of Zolog, Prof. Yun claimed the existance of inhibitory substance against allergic changes in the serum of the R.E,S. blockade. As ohs erved in these experiment, the 'injection of serum from rabbits blockaded with India ink solution, especially in the group receiving the serum from single iniection of India ink solution inhibited markedly allergic changes in thymus. It is quite apparent that the serum of the R. E. S. blockaded rabbits contain an inhibited subst- ante against allergic changes. Allergic changes in thymus were slightly inhibited. in rabbits directly blockaded with India ink solution. Jungeblut and Berlot, Gay and. Clark, Siegmond and Okazaki previously descrived the inhibition of allergic changes in the R.E.S. blockade. That is the inhibitory substance against allergic' changes were secreted from the R. E. S.. Conclusions. Studies on the relation between allergic changes in thymus and the R. E. S. are reported. 1) The injection of serum from the R.E.S. blockade with India ink solution inhibited allergic changes in thymus. 2) Direct blockade of the R. E. S. slightly, inhibited, allergic changes in thymus.

『생활과 윤리』교과서의 기후변화 교육 내용 분석

장유정 ( Chang¸ Yu-jeong ) 한국초등도덕교육학회 2021 초등도덕교육 Vol.- No.74

기후변화가 환경과 생태계, 인간의 삶에 미치는 영향이 커지면서 기후변화 교육의 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 생활과 윤리 과목에서 내실 있는 기후변화 교육 방안을 마련하기 위해 교과서의 기후변화 관련 교육 내용을 분석하였다. 『생활과 윤리』 교과서는 기후변화의 의미와 특성, 영향, 대응 등 기후변화 교육의 내용요소를 모두 서술하고 있었다. 그리고 다양한 자료를 통해 토론, 의견 정당화를 촉진하며 기후변화의 특성, 대응 방안을 스스로 추론해볼 수 있도록 구성되어 있었다. 특히, 기후정의와 같은 내용요소는 타교과 교육과 차별되는 내용으로 기후변화 교육에서 도덕과 교육의 역할을 분명히 밝혀주고 있었다. 반면, 개인적·지역사회적 차원 등 다양한 차원에서 실천 방안을 모색하고 기후변화의 원인을 객관적으로 바라볼 수 있는 내용은 다소 부족하였다. 이에 본 연구는 텍스트의 서술뿐만 아니라 표, 다이어그램. 사진 등의 다양한 자료를 활용해 압축적으로 정보를 제공할 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다. As the impacts of climate change on the environment, ecosystem and human life grow, the importance of climate change education is being highlighted. Therefore, this study analyzed the contents of climate change-related education in textbooks to lay the foundation for substantial climate change education in ‘life and ethics’ subjects. ‘Life and ethics’ textbooks described every content of climate change education, such as the meaning, characteristics, impacts and responses of climate change. In addition, various datum were presented to infer the characteristics of climate change and countermeasures through activities such as discussion and justification of opinions. In particular, it dealt with the issue of climate justice. It provided an education that distinguished from other curriculum education. However, it was insufficient to find ways to act at the individual and local level and provide objective informations on the causes of climate change. Thus, this study is proposed a method to provide informations compressively using not only the descriptions of the text but also various datum such as tables, diagrams, and photos.

폐경 후 여성의 심혈관질환 예방을 위한 식사중재에 대한 준수도(adherence) 평가

정경아,김상연,우정익,장유경 漢陽大學校 韓國生活科學硏究所 2001 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.- No.19

The purpose of this study is to assess the adherence to dietary intervention for prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women by observing changes of antioxidant vitamins and fatty acid composition in dietary intake and seam level. The subjects with hypercholesterolemia (TC≥240mg/dl) were treated with one of hormone replacement therapy (HRT group), dietary intervention (DIET group) or combination of hormone replacement therapy and dietary intervention (HRT+DIET group) for 12 weeks. The results were as followed. Mean daily nutrient intakes were not significantly changed in the HRT group, but were significantly changed in the DIET group and the HRT+DIET group. Especially, dietary vitamin A and E intakes were increased from less than 75% to more than 90% of RDA for Korean in the two groups. With changes of dietary intakes, serum vitamin A and E levels were also significantly increased in the DIET group and tended to increase in the HRT+DIET group. Dietary fatty acid composition was also not significantly changed in the HRT group, but was significantly chanced in the DIET group and the HRT+DIET group. With changes of dietary fatty acid composition, serum phospholipid fatty acid composition was significantly changed in the DIET group and the HRT+DIET group although there was tendency of returning to initial value after 12 weeks. Judging from changes in serum phospholipid fatty acid composition, subjects' adherence to dietary intervention tended to decrease after 12 weeks. However, the changes of antioxidant vitamins and fatty acid composition in dietary intake were compatible with the changes of those in serum level, and we can conclude that dietary intervention was adhered quite well by subjects.

소설 『엽기알바』의 영화기획안 개발 사례

유창국(Yu, Chang-Kook) 인문콘텐츠학회 2014 인문콘텐츠 Vol.0 No.34

쇠퇴한 구 마산시 창동 · 오동동 지역의 도심재생 전략으로써 영화 ‘엽기알바’의 장소마케팅을 기획하고자 한다. 장소마케팅 믹스전략인 이미지전략, 채널전략, 지역전략을 도입하여 현실적이고 구체적인 장소마케팅을 위해 소설『엽기알바』를 영화로 구현시키고자 한다. 영화기획개발의 실제로서 시나리오, 오디션캐스팅, 로케이션 헌팅, 파이낸싱을 현장감 있게 구체적으로 제시한다. 영화 ‘엽기알바’기획개발 방안의 긍정적인 영향을 말한다면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 도심재생에 무관심하거나 모르고 있는 창원시민과 타지역 주민들에게 창동 · 오동동의 문화예술적 가치와 감성을 홍보마케팅 한다. 둘째, 장소마케팅을 위해서 변모하는 창동 · 오동동을 영화 ‘엽기알바’에 많이 노출시킴으로써 쇠퇴한 이 지역의 부정적인 면을 긍정적인 측면으로 이미지 업 시킬 수 있다. 셋째, 멜로 코미디 영화 ‘엽기알바’의 장소마케팅 채널전략의 결과로 창동 · 오동동지역이 가보고 싶은 관광루트로 고착될 수 있다. 관광루트화 되면 상권이 살아나고 지역경제 활성화에 크게 기여할 것이다. 넷째, 지역민의 정체성에 대한 자부심과 할 수 있다는 자신감을 심화시켜 상인과 지역민들의 행복감을 증대시킬 것이다. 이러한 긍정적인 측면도 있지만 한편으로는, 상권 활성화냐? 문화예술 활성화냐? 라는 문제도 노출되고 있다. 영화 ‘엽기알바’가 성공적으로 상업과 문화예술이란 두 마리 토끼를 잡을 수도 있지만, 도시재생의 고유한 색깔이 없거나, 도시디자인이 역사와 문화적 의미를 담아내는 독창성이 없다면, 도시재생정책은 실패할 확률이 높을 것이다. 도시재생(Urban Renaissance)에 대한 기획과 추진전략은 창원시토탈디자인과 장기적인 장소마케팅 · 브랜딩전략을 기반으로 하여야 하고, 이 전략을 헌신적이고 열정적으로 추진할 민관산학연 거버넌스조직이 꼭 필요하다 하겠다. We plan a place marketing of the film, ‘Yubgi Alba’(‘The bizarre part-time job’) as a regeneration strategy of an old Masan-city’s areas, Chang-dong and Ohdong-dong. It is our intention to produce a realistic and detailed film by adopting mixed strategies of the place marketing, an image channel and regional strategies all together. We would like to propose specific audition casting, location hunting, and financing scenarios. Positive impacts of the development planning of the film are as follows: Firstly, artistic and cultural values and sensibilities of Chang-dong and Ohdong-dong could be aroused by implementing promotional marketing to those indifferent or unaware of the urban regeneration in other residents as well as Changwon citizens. Secondly, by exposing people to Chang-dong and Ohdong-dong in the film’Yubgi Alba’( ‘The bizarre part-time job’ ) many times, the images of the places could be improved. Thirdly, the place marketing of the film ‘The bizarre part-time job’ could make Chang-dong and Ohdong-dong be sightseeing routes, which result in the regional economic activation. Fourthly, it could increase the pride, confidence and happiness of the local residents. The film ‘Yubgi Alba’(‘The bizarre part-time job’) may vitalize both the regional economy and cultural art. However, the urban renaissance policy is likely to fail if it lacks the originality that capture the historical and cultural meaning. Therefore, planning strategies for the urban renaissance should be based on the whole design of Changwon-city, long-term place marketing and branding strategy. In addition, to promote this strategies, we need the dedicated governance organization where civil society, government, and academy cooperate.

Correlating Structural Changes and Gas Evolution during the Thermal Decomposition of Charged Li_<i>x</i>Ni_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ Cathode Materials

Bak, Seong-Min,Nam, Kyung-Wan,Chang, Wonyoung,Yu, Xiqian,Hu, Enyuan,Hwang, Sooyeon,Stach, Eric A.,Kim, Kwang-Bum,Chung, Kyung Yoon,Yang, Xiao-Qing American Chemical Society 2013 Chemistry of materials Vol.25 No.3

<P>In this work, we present results from the application of a new in situ technique that combines time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction and mass spectroscopy. We exploit this approach to provide direct correlation between structural changes and the evolution of gas that occurs during the thermal decomposition of (over)charged cathode materials used in lithium-ion batteries. Results from charged Li<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>Ni<SUB>0.8</SUB>Co<SUB>0.15</SUB>Al<SUB>0.05</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> cathode materials indicate that the evolution of both O<SUB>2</SUB> and CO<SUB>2</SUB> gases are strongly related to phase transitions that occur during thermal decomposition, specifically from the layered structure (space group <I>R</I>3̅<I>m</I>) to the disordered spinel structure (<I>Fd</I>3̅<I>m</I>), and finally to the rock-salt structure (<I>Fm</I>3̅<I>m</I>). The state of charge also significantly affects both the structural changes and the evolution of oxygen as the temperature increases: the more extensive the charge, the lower the temperature of the phase transitions and the larger the oxygen release. Ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are also utilized to investigate the local structural and valence state changes in Ni and Co ions, and to characterize microscopic morphology changes. The combination of these advanced tools provides a unique approach to study fundamental aspects of the dynamic physical and chemical changes that occur during thermal decomposition of charged cathode materials in a systematic way.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/cmatex/2013/cmatex.2013.25.issue-3/cm303096e/production/images/medium/cm-2012-03096e_0014.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/cm303096e'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

4분과 : 미래 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 우리나라 소나무 임부의 재적 추정

김문일 ( Moon Il Kim ),이우균 ( Woo Kyun Lee ),( Gui Shan Gui ),( Hang Nan Yu ),최솔이 ( Sol E Choi ),김창길 ( Chang Gil Kim ),권태성 한국임학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.1

본 연구는 우리나라 주요 수종인 소나무림을 대상으로 RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway)8.5 시나리오에 따른 임목 재적의 시·공간적 변이를 예측하기 위해 수행되었다. 전국 규모의 예측을 위해 5차임상도와 국가산림자원조사 자료를 이용하였으며, 기후와 공간의 변이가 임목 생장에 미치는 영향을 반영하기 위해 기상 및 지형인자를 반영한 생장모형을 적용하였다. 모형의 검증을 위해 시, 도별 산림통계와 모형 결과를 비교한 결과, 비교적 높은 적합도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 기후변화를 고려하였을 때, 소나무림의 임분 재적은 현재 131 m3/ha에서2050년에는 212.42 m3/ha까지 증가 할 것으로 예측되었으며, 현재의 기후가 유지될 경우에는 221.92 m3/ha까지 증가할 것으로 예측되었다. 기후변화의 영향으로 인해 일부 고산지대를 제외한 대부분의 지역에서 소나무림의 생장률이감소할 것으로 예측되었으며, 특히 해안지역과 남부지역에서 생장률의 감소가 클 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 통해 기후변화가 소나무림 생장에 미치는 영향을 시·공간에 따라 정량화 할 수 있었으며, 이는 기후변화 적응을 고려한 산림관리 및 시업계획을 수립하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The main purpose of this study is to measure spatio-temporal variation of forest tree volume basedon the RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5 scenario, targeting on Pinus densiflora forests which is the main tree species in South Korea. To estimate nationwide scale, 5th forest type map and National Forest Inventory data were used. Also, to reflect the impact of change in place and climate on growth of forest trees, growth model reflecting the climate and topography features were applied. The result of the model validation, which compared the result of the model with the forest statistics of different cities and provinces, showed a high suitability. Considering the continuous climate change, volume of Pinus densiflora forest is predicted to increase from 131 m3/ha at present to 212.42 m3/ha in the year of 2050. If the climate maintains as the present, volumeis predicted to increase to 221.92 m3/ha. With the climate change, it is predicted that most of the region, except for some of the alpine region, will have a decrease in growth rate of Pinus densiflora forest. The growth rate of Pinus densiflora forest will have a greater decline, especially in the coastal area and the southern area. With the result of this study, it will be possible to quantify the effect of climate change on the growth of Pinusdensiflora forest according to spatio-temporal is possible. The result of the study can be useful in establishing the forest management practices, considering the adaptation of climate change.

한국사회에서의 도서와 육지간의 접합에 관한 연구 : 제주도의 경우 A Case of Cheju Island

유철인,고남욱,고창훈 제주대학교 1986 논문집 Vol.16 No.1

Recent introduction of citrus cultivation causes the growth of Cheju regional economy with the inflow of external captial under the influnce of external market. These processes result in the Cheju regional economy dependent upon the national economy. Since the advent of large-scale tourism often necessitates the transfer of local control to a central government, Cheju society as a touristic place is more dependent on national society with the national development projects on Cheju island. These tourism and citrus cultivation cause rapid urbanization, more access to education, more exposure to mass communication, and the increase in the mobility of both of Cheju islander and mainlander, As a result, Cheju culture becomes more assimilated into mainland or national culture. We call these recent phenomana the social articulation between Cheju island and mainland as a larger society. The term articulation is the congruence or working together of differrent strata or different levels such as the articulation of modes of producction. Paticularly, as used in this paper, it describes the process by which the local island society becomas in corporated more fully into the larger society. This paper examines (1) the phenomena social articulation between Cheju island and mainland in terms of regional economy and policies, (2) the response of community to this articulation, and (3) its impacts on the development of Cheju island and the prospects of desirable relationship between local island society and the center. First of all, Cheju industry structure consists of 34.9% in the primary, .3% in the secondary, and 60.8% in the itertiary industry,in terms of vaules added as of 1981, while in 1971 the primary industry dominant. Employments by industry In Cheju region as of 1981 consist of 71.7% in the primary, 3.2% in the secondary, and 25.1% in the tertiary industry. Cheju regional economy is articulated with national economy because of citrus cultivation and products of fishery under influendces of domestic and foreign markets as well as a tourism industry as a leading industry for regional development. People in Cheju island feel the state of alination with these overwhelming changes, which is followed by outsider's speculation on land, the leakage of benefits resulted from outside capital investment, and the evnvironmental pollution. These phenomena may be discovered in the transformation from the closed socioeconomic system to the open socioeconomic system. Seocond, the articulating process of structual dependency of political, economic, and social fields is reavealed concretely in the process of formulation, making, and implementation of polities. The philosopical foundation of policy is not the philosophy of Small-is-beautiful, but the philosophy of Big-is-good. And the goal of policy is sought out without conscideration of the basic problems such as openess and closedness, national-oriented and international-oriented development and conservation, and active participation and passive alination of islanders. We learn that the formulation, content, and implemantation by national elites affected by not the volition of residents in Cheju-Do, but the vested interest of large firms and international capital investment. Its effects are expressed in terms of the alination, the powerlessness, and the suffering of Cheju islanders. Third, under the vast process of acculturation, these overwhelming waves of change do stimulate the Cheju society as a so-called periphery in acquiring a consciousness of the degree of exploitation it is subjected to. As an adaptive action, Cheju cultural identity is maintained and/or invented with the emphasis on its own traditional spirits, which may be considered as the revitalization movements in Cheju culture. Ambivalance toward mainland as an outer world is expressed in everyday life in Cheju society. Ambivalance toward an outer world is thought to be discovered in any society articulated with and dependent upon the lager society. Cheju islanders also miss tat Cheju culture becomes more assimilated into mainland or national culture. We consider the social articulation of Cheju island and mainland amid historical context of the contacts with mainland as sociocultural forces which operate to create Cheju cultural identity. The aura of Cheju cultural identity and traditionalism is one of the devices which insures the continuance of boundaries between Cheju islander and non-islander (mainlander) within a tourism and the migration of mainlanders, Cheju islanders' perception of what mainlanders think about Cheju islanders operates to create the meaning and content of their cultural identity is maintained may consist of the contacts with mainlandsers and the formation of an image on them. We concluded that the articulation must be transformed from total dependency into the equity through the structual autonomy, changes in policies, and cultural autonomy This means the balance of everyday ilife in an island and a mainland, and further, in the center and peripheries. Alternatives for this desirable articulation are as follows. First of all, the decentralized and autonomous political-administrative structure, the active and intensive regional economy, and social cultural development focused on community must become to be interrelated in order to be an intergrated development from within. Secondly, the development policies must be fundamentally changed in terms of basic philosophy, content, and implempentation. Lastly, the cultural diversity is to be fully appreciated, based on the understanding of local cultures or subcultures.

Research on the Characteristic of Diesel Elastic-plate Impingement Spray

( Chang Yuan Wang ),( Yong Shang ),( Xiang Rong Li ),( Fu Shui Liu ),( Cheng Hui Yu ) 한국액체미립화학회 2010 한국액체미립화학회 학술강연회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.-

A series of experimental research results on the characteristic of diesel elastic-plate impingement spray using High Speed Photography camera are presented in this paper. The experiments were carried out in a constant volume chamber specially designed, which can hold a high ambiance pressure. The special fixed device was designed so that the elastic-plate can be fixed on the spray path, meanwhile the spray incident angle and height can be changed. The free jet spray and elastic-plate impingement spray was compared under the same experimental condition including different injection pressure and different background pressure. Experimental research showed that impingement spray droplets diffuse more quickly than free jet spray.

現代韓國漢字音의 性格과 體系

兪昌均 명지대학교 1968 明大論文集 Vol.1 No.-

There are the following thre types in the Present-day Sino-Korean pronunciations: (1) Standard Pronunciation (2) Vulgar Pronunciation (3) The pronunciations of the words which were originally Sino-Korean but now completely fossilized into Korean and are not considered to be loan words. The standard prounciation system was formed, generally based on the system of yu¨n-shu(韻書) after the mid-ancient period. However, the following differences can be found: (1) The initial does not contain the sonant but aspirate surd, which is conformed not by the mid-ancient sound system but by the sound change of Korean. Hence, the contrast between the unaspirate surd and the aspirate surd has a wayward relationship. (2) The system of the vowel is distinguished by k’ai-hou(開合) and t’en-yu¨n(等韻) in the mid-ancient period. This means that the Sino-Korean pronunciation was formed after the division of the k’ai-hou(開合) and t’en-y¨un(等韻). (3) The system of Yu¨n-shu(韻書) is also similar to that in mid-ancient period. The only difference between them is the change of /-t/ to /-r/, and its characteristic consists in the point that the final vowel of /Ø, i, u/ included in the vowel. (4) The tone is expressed on the basis of that in the mid-ancient period but in acturality it is replaced by the long and short sounds.

제 1 소구치·발치가 수반된 Class Ⅰ 전돌 증례의 치료 전후 변화

장영일,이유현 대한치과교정학회 1996 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.26 No.5

본 연구는 제 1 소구치 발치로 양호하게 치료된 Class I 전돌 환자의 치료 전 안모 골격 특성과 치료 전후 변화를 조사하여 Class I 전돌 환자의 치료 계획 수립에 이용하고자 하였다. 서울대학교 병원 치과 진료부 교정과에 내원하여 치열궁 길이 부조화의 양이 7.00mm를 넘지 않고 Class I 전돌 환자로 진단되어 상, 하악 제 1 소구치를 발거한 후 동일한 임상가에 의하여 동일 치료 기법으로 양호하게 치료된 환자 35명 (여자 27명, 남자 8명)을 대상으로 치료 전후 측모 두부 방사선 사진을 계측하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 치료 전후 골격 형태는 크게 변하지 않았고 치열, 치조골, 연조직에서 치료 후 유의성 있는 변화가 있었다. 2. 치료 전 골격 형태는 SN-GoGn이 36.56°, AB-MP이 66.92°, ODI가 69.17°, APDI가 81.31°, CF 150.52°로서 수직적인 부조화 경향을 보였다. 3. 치료 전 치열 형태는 절치간 각이 113.11°, U1 to FH가 117.78°, L1 to A-Pog이 7.94mm였으며 연조직 측모상 E line에 대하여 상순이 2.88mm, 하순이 5.43mm 돌출되어 있었다. 4. 치료 후 치열 형태는 절치간 각이 14.46° 증가되었으며 연조직 측모상 E line에 대하여 상순이 2.45mm, 하순이 3.2mm 후방이동되었다. (P<0.001) 5. 치료 전 발치 지수 (EI)는 138.71이었고 치료 후 EI는 148.2였다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dentofacial characteristics and the post treatment dentofacial changes of those treated by four premolar extractions and to investigate the factors affecting extraction decision. The sample consisted of 35 patients (27 females, and 8 males) with no more than 7.0mm crowding, diagnosed as Class I protrusion. Pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms were evaluated. Computerized statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS/PC+ program. The results were as follows. 1. There was no significant change in skeletal pattern after treatment while there was significant change in dentoalveolar and soft tissue pattern. 2. In pre-treatment skeletal pattern, a tendency toward vertical discrepancy was found. 3. In pre-treatment dental pattern, interincisal angle was 113.11°, U1 to FH was 117.78° and L1 to A-Pog was 7.94mm. Pre-treatment upper and lower lip position was 2.88mm and 5.43mm to E line. 4. After treatment, interincisal angle increased 14.46° and upper and lower lip moved back 2.45mm and 3.2mm to E line. (p<0.001) 5. The EI was 138.71 before treatment and 148.2 after treatment.