(The) Multiple Causes of Overpassivization of English Unaccusative Verbs by Korean ESL Learners

Williamson, John 세종대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

Israel in the Books of Chronicles

Williamson, H. G. M. Cambridge University Press 2007 해외박사

FROM ORIENTALISM TO JAPONISME : HUGO, BAUDELAIRE AND MALLARME (HUGO, VICTOR, BAUDELAIRE, CHARLES, MALLARME, STEPHANE, FRANCE)

WILLIAMSON, KARYN 1994 국내박사

The Multiple Causes of Overpassivization of English Unaccusative Verbs by Korean ESL Learners : 한국인 영어 학습자의 영어비대격동사 과잉수동화에 대한 분석

John Williamson 세종대학교 일반대학원 2013 국내석사

This thesis is concerned with the phenomenon known as overpassivization as it pertains to Korean ESL students. This thesis focuses particularly on the effect of animacy, subjecthood and conceptualizable agents in discourse on the rate of overpassivization. Other factors that are considered and analyzed are the effects of interlanguage interference, such as morphosyntactic variations of L1, and proficiency levels. The aim of this thesis is three fold. The first objective is to examine what specific difficulties with overpassivization exist particular to L1 Korean learners of L2 English. Animacy constraints and morphosyntactic interference are the primary focus of this line of inquiry. The second of these objectives is to identify how much of the learnability problems associated with the overpassivization phenomenon are L1 specific and L2 universal. This will be accomplished by comparing the results generated in the original research of this thesis concerning L1 Korean ESL learners with the results existent in the literature about the phenomenon with other L1 groups of L2 English. And finally, the goal of this thesis is to arrive at some pedagogical implications that will assist L1 Korean students overcome the learnability problems associated with overpassivization. Chapter 1 provides the theoretical background necessary for understanding the overpassivization problem. It defines the problem as it has been identified in the relevant literature and explains the unique properties of the unaccusative verb which is the primary source of the problem. Three existing theories, which seek to explain why there appears to be a universal learnability problem in L2 associated with the unaccusative verb, are explained along with the current state of research into the problem, as applied specifically to L1 Korean. Chapter 2 provides the details of the original research completed for this thesis. There are three separate experiments conducted with Korean ESL learners. The first was a translation exercise designed to provide insight into how animacy affects the learner’s choice of voice, active or passive, when translating from English to Korean. The second experiment was a forced choice task adapted from Ju (2000) who first identified the effect of a conceptualizable agent in discourse on the rate of overpassivization. This experiment was modified to see how animacy affects the saliency of the conceptualizable agent when manipulated in the subject position of the target sentence where students choose either an active or passive verb form. It was conducted with freshmen at Korean universities with an intermediate level of proficiency. The third experiment is also a forced choice task adapted from the original task looking for the effect of a conceptualizable agent, but in this instance, the conceptualizable agent, not the subject in the target sentence, was manipulated in terms of animacy to see if there was an observable effect. The results of experiment 2 and 3 are then analyzed together to see what effect proficiency level may have. Chapter 3 provides a summarized conclusion that addresses how the experimental results of this thesis relate to the competing theories, what issues specifically affect Koreans, and how the findings relate to previous research with other L1 groups. Based on the findings in chapter 2, the implications for pedagogy are briefly outlined before the chapter concludes with acknowledgement of the problem areas in this thesis and areas of future research.

Flexibility in imitation: Factors that influence the precision of preschoolers' replications

Williamson, Rebecca Anne Stanford University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

In this thesis imitation is conceptualized as a flexible and adaptive learning mechanism, and children are hypothesized to vary whether or not they copy a model's precise means and actions depending on the situation. Two factors are proposed as influences on children's imitation. First, when children do not understand a demonstration they may have a better chance of successfully attaining the intended outcome if they faithfully copy the model's demonstration. Thus, children may be more likely to imitate a model's actions when the purpose of a goal is not clear than when an obvious reason is provided. In three studies, preschoolers saw a model place an object using unusual manners. Whether or not a reason was given for this placement varied across conditions, and children's imitation of the distinct actions was analyzed. The results show that the children who were not given a reason for the placement of the object imitated the model's actions more faithfully than did those children who were given a reason for the demonstration. Additionally, even when there is a reason for a demonstration there may still be cases where children vary the precision of their imitation. Specifically, if children find that their own means are not effective for completing a clear task they may be more likely to reproduce the actions a model uses to complete the same goal. Children in the second set of studies were given an easy or a difficult experience completing a straightforward task, such as opening a drawer. Whether they included a model's means on a later attempt at the task was analyzed. These children were more likely to include the actions of a model in their reproductions when they had evidence that their own means were not effective for completing the task. The results of these studies suggest that children can use their understanding of situation to guide their imitation. Understanding why children vary their reproductions can lead to a more complete picture of imitation and may also have implications for how children learn in a variety of situations and with other mechanisms.

Life transformations of African-American HIV positive women: Possible implications for HIV policy making

Williamson, Mildred Freda The University of Chicago 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

<italic>Background</italic>. Women remain the fastest growing group of people documented with AIDS in the USA and African American women comprise the majority of this group. Despite these trends, little examination of life experiences of African American HIV-positive women have been made and their views are poorly represented in HIV/AIDS policymaking for HIV prevention, care or research. Methods: Thirty in depth interviews were conducted with eighteen African American HIV positive women from Cook County Hospital to learn their quality of life perceptions, retrospectively and currently. The concept “transformation” was defined with examples and used as a guide to help with the interview process and analysis. Transformation defined: to change characteristics or actions of daily living in a dramatic or profound way. <italic>Results</italic>. The majority (15) of the women reported that the quality of their lives improved since learning their HIV status and provided several examples of how their lives transformed. <italic>Conclusion</italic>. Liberation from abuse, addiction and other stressors and acceptance of diagnosis were stronger indicators of transformation than success or failure with antiretroviral therapy.

Leadership acceptance: Context, cognitive style and the background of IT professionals as determinates of IT leadership

Williamson, John A Washington University in St. Louis 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This study is about the leadership of Information Technology (IT) within organizations. It is framed in the notion that effective IT leadership results from followership: that leaders cannot lead without the willingness of followers to follow. Thus, it will focus on the IT staff professionals' views of effective IT leadership and how it is influenced by organizational context and their own background and cognitive thinking style. A 4-part questionnaire was administered to 68 subjects from Masters level classes at a Midwestern university. The information was then analyzed to determine how context (operational vs. strategic), cognitive style (analytical vs. intuitive) and background affected the selection of desirable CIO attributes. The study indicates that individuals with technical backgrounds prefer technical leadership. Context has influence when examined in concert with an IT professionals' experiential background. It was found that technical IT professionals, and in particular younger professionals, consider technical CIO attributes important in strategic scenarios over operational scenarios.

"Being black is this": Black movement activists in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Williamson, Ken M The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation explores various elements and issues of the black movement in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, through activists' personal stories, intra- and inter-movement politics and dynamics, and the diasporic character of the movement. I argue that the interplay of racial frameworks and personal experience are critical in the formation of black activists, particularly in the intersections of race, class, gender, and sexuality. Without black movement frameworks, black activists were often left confused by certain experiences in their lives, regardless of their experiences with injustice and inequality that can lead people to question existing frameworks. The struggle over frameworks, which include ideas for restructuring society and resources, are central to the work of the black movement. The dissertation explores critical questions and insights about race, class, gender, sexuality, and diaspora that emerge from the movement; the interrelationships and constitutive nature of such concepts point out the inseparability of experiences, culture, politics and frameworks. The work of black movement organizations, like the United Black Movement, Niger-Okan and the African carnival groups, not only advances frameworks and exposes people to the centrality of race and racism in the fabric of Brazilian life, but also educates activists and provides them with spiritual, financial and emotional sustenance. Despite pressures to leave the movement---from frustrations with and tensions within the black movement, pressures from family, and the need for greater financial security---I argue that the ability to sustain activists remains vital to the movement. The transnational flow of ideas, symbols, music, people, dances, styles, and knowledge influences not only the black movement, but also the identities of activists and potential activists. Collectively, what emerges is a partial picture of the lives of activists, the black movement, and the ways in which race, class, nation, sexuality, gender and diaspora play out in Brazil.

Marks of the fetish: Twenty-first century (mis)performances of the black female body

Williamson, Terrion L University of Southern California 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Marks of the Fetish: Twenty-First Century (Mis)Performances of the Black Female Body considers the discursive formulations and cultural histories of contemporary narratives of black women that coalesce within popular media texts under the following five typologies: the "angry black woman," the "nappy-headed ho," the "good Christian girl," the "strong black woman," and the "baby mama." I contend that each of these typologies is a particularized ideation of the black female body that is invested with, to invoke Hortense Spillers, "semiological and ideological values whose origins are concealed by the image itself." That is, these typologies mark a fetish object---the black female body--whose history has been transformed into pathology via the very same productive logics that serve to make it articulable within the cultural marketplace. Marks of the Fetish departs from foregoing conversations about "stereotypes," or what I refer to as "stereotype discourse," that seek to locate pathology in certain material bodies and/or attempt to position black female iconography along a continuum of negative or positive representations. Instead, I suggest that the typologies I name are not embodied by any particular person or person, but are overlapping narratives for which particular persons stand in. As such, the operative questions I want to engage concern not whether these ideations of black female identity are "good" or "bad," but rather, how the originary impulses that produce them continue to deceptively foreclose alternative forms of black sociality. Using theories of performative raciality in conjunction with feminist work on the performativity of the gendered body as a starting point, I propose a theoretical methodology for analyzing the constitutive contingencies of race and gender that has the potential to profoundly affect traditional understandings of the representative black body. Ultimately, I argue that the racialized gender performances, and attendant misperformances (that is, performances that deviate from hegemonic norms), of black women within public culture, including within film, television, music, the blogsphere, public and legal policies, and political and social commentary, evidence the fraught terrain of black female subjectivity while simultaneously revealing the radical potentialities of difference.

In the wake of discrimination: Romantic relationship commitment, self-disclosure, and intimacy

Williamson, Jessica L Purdue University 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

To date, no work has examined the consequences of emotional self-disclosures about a discriminatory event(s) on the functioning of a romantic relationship. The present research seeks to determine whether emotional disclosures about race-based discrimination influence the relationship quality of same-race (African-American) and interracial (African-American & White) couples. Drawing from theory in relationship science and intergroup relations, links among commitment and the key components of the intimacy process (emotional self-disclosures, perceived partner responsiveness, intimacy) are proposed and tested. Two studies were conducted. In Study 1 (N = 104), individual reports were collected. In Study 2 (N = 156 couples), reports were collected from both couple members. Actor and partner effects were tested using the Actor- Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) factorial method, as were couple-level effects. Mediation analyses of the dyadic data revealed that own (actor) partner responsiveness partially mediated the link between own (actor) levels of emotional self-disclosures and own (actor) felt intimacy in the relationship. Relationship type and status-based rejection sensitivity moderated some links. Significant partner and couple-level effects demonstrated the motivational role of commitment in predicting emotional disclosures. Implications for relationship dissolution and prosocial transformations are discussed.