變形生成文法 理論과 그 問題點

徐碩龍 경성대학교 1984 부산수산대학 논문집 Vol.5 No.1

Transformational-generative grammar is claimed to be able to generate infinite sentences. by means of finite rules and words. Competence is constrasted with performance in T.G. and defined as speaker-hearer's Knowledge of his language. It is the objects of linguistic study in T.G. T.G. is various in its theory itself and dosen't have any uniformity. Furthermore, its theory has been being corrected and developed with time passing. New theories have also emerged. As we have considered the problems of T.G. in Chapter Ⅳ, there are a certain range of facts which can not be elucidated by autonomous syntax. Language is defined as the instrument of communication. Therefore it should be studied in the communicative-functional context. A method which can explain the vast facts of human language should be searched. Noncategorial facts are not the exceptions of human language but rather its rules. If language is the instrument of communication, communication background and function are to be considered. Without considering them, it is very strange that we try to understand the structure of language. Untill we try out various theories about both competence and performance we have no idea whether a certain range of facts is a matter of competence or performance. Langendoen and Bever (1973) show in a concrete case that what might be thought at first to be a matter of grammar, namely, competence, is in fact a matter of a theory of conversation or interpretive strategies. Isolated sentences and their syntax are very often contradictory to syntax of sentences in natural, unsolicited speech. The study of syntax neglecting the communicative-functional context tends to bypass the immense role that communicative considerations play in determining syntactic rules.

Shakespeare관계대명사의 자유변이와 계약 : 사대비극을 중심으로

서석룡 慶星大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.11 No.3

Chomsky claims that various kinds of grammatical constraints and structural rules are prewired into the human brains and these prewired rules govern the sentences without any special reaons when we speak : on the other hands, Givon claims that grammatical constraints and structural rules are used for the communicative effects. and we choose these rules for them. According to the Givon's theory, Shakespeare would not choose the relative pronouns at random without any constraints. In the surface, Shakespeare's choosing the relative pronouns seems to be free variations, but there must be certain coanstraints in his choice of them. These constraints were investigated in this paper. The constraints investigated are as follows: Prediction(Ⅰ) The distance between a head noun and a relative pronoun is one of the factors of choosing the relatives. Prediction(Ⅱ) Head nouns which are modified by the indefinite adjectives all, any, every, no choose the relative 'THAT'. Prediction(Ⅲ) +H personal pronominal NP chooses the relative 'THAT', on the other hand, -H demonstrative pronominal NP, 'WHICH'. Prediction(Ⅳ) Indefinite pronominal head noun chooses 'THAT' Prediction(Ⅴ) WH-question sentence chooses 'THAT'. Prediction(Ⅵ) Φ relative pronoun is chosen by the rhythmical factors. Prediction(Ⅶ) Indefinite referential head nouns choose 'THAT', and definite referentials, 'WH-pronouns'.

미국의 농업경제학 교육 및 연구동향

김석현 한국농업경제학회 2002 農業經濟硏究 Vol.43 No.5

Many changes have been taking place in agriculture. The changes continue to have impacts on agricultural economics teaching and research. In an environment of continuing change, many agricultural economics departments in the U.S. have changed their name and curriculum to attract new students who are not interested in production agriculture. This suggests that we, who are on agricultural economics faculty in Korea, need to seriously consider bold changes in curriculum and department name.

Shakespeare 4대 비극 작품의 등장인물의 사회적 신분과 관계대명사의 선택

서석룡 慶星大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.18 No.1

I define the usage of relative pronouns in the works of Shakespeare concerned with the social features of the characters in the viewpoints of sociolinguists. Functional liguists like Givon and Labov think that language is a means of communication,. Speakers choose specific grammatical devices for effects of speech delievery. The sex of the characters and their social positions are elements used for choosing relative pronouns. When the antecedents are people, female characters have a strong tendency to use that and male characters have a strong tendency to use which or who. In the cases when the antecedents are not people, who in rarely used, females prefer that and males prefer which In social positions, low-class characters use that more often and high-class characters use who a lot.. When using which there is'nt any difference between high classes and low classes. In the cases when the antecedents aren't people, low-class characters often use that and high-class characters use which. Whem the antecedents are people, high-class men have stronger preference for who than women do and high-class women have strong preference for that. There isn't much difference when choosing which. When the antecedents are not people, women prefer that, men prefer which. For low-class characters, when the antecents are people, men prefer who or which and women prefer that. When the antecedents are not people men use which more often and women use that more oftenl

OE와 ME의 關係節 構文

徐碩龍 경성대학교 1989 論文集 Vol.10 No.1

Proto-Germanic has parataxis and hypotaxis constructions. But as time lapses, independent asyndetic paratixis is replaced by hypotaxis. In proto-Germanic, hypotaxis constructions have the notion of relative clauses. OE has definite and indefinite relative clauses. It has no constructions in which strict relative pronouns are omitted. It has in a strict sense constructions in which personal pronouns are not expressed. Definite relative clauses are introduced by pe, se, se pe, pæt, pær, and swilc OE has two types of indefinite relative clauses. One is the demonstrative relative clause and the other, the independent relative clause which has no antecedents. Indefinite relative clauses often precede the main clauses. ME has definite, indefinite and ø relative clauses. In early Me pe, and pat introduce the definite relative clause. The former originates from the OE relative particle pe. On the other hand, the latter originates from the OE demonstrative pronoun pæt and subordinate conjunction pæt. pe begins to disappear in the 13th century. Se pe begins to disappear in the 12th century with the se. The interrogatives which, who, and what begin to be used as relatives at the time when pat begins to replace pe. Indefinite relative clauses are introduced by simple interrogatives. These indefinite pronouns are reinforced by so, soever, ever, some and somever. ø relative clauses originate from asyndetic parataxis. OE has the construction of non-expression of personal pronouns rather than that of the omission of relative pronouns. This trend continues till the early ME period. ø relative constructions occur in the latter part of the 14th century. They occur more frequently in verse than in prose.

Shakespeare 英語의 關係代名詞化 : King Lear를 中心으로

徐碩龍 慶星大學校 1987 부산수산대학 논문집 Vol.8 No.1

The history of relativization in English is characterized by two major syntactic changes: a) the development of relativization strategies in ME: ø, THAT and extraneous WH-. As compared with PE, the application of these strategies are generally not constrained by the type of relative clauses or the relevant antecedents, but a certain tendencies are recognized. Since LME the set of available relatives has remained virtually intact. The second syntactic change is the introduction of the constraint on the choice of relative pronouns in MODE, along with the distributional changes among the prouns. Shakespearian English shows the performance stage of these changes; in other words, Shakespearian English foreshadows the present-day English grammar of relativization. In terms of +H/-H, the performance of the cosntraint on WHICH is amply substantiated in the Shakespearian English corpora. WHO is increasingly being used for +H antecedents. +H THAT begins to disappear gradually; however, this development has not reached its final phase in PE. The tendency towards -H THAT seems to be carefully at work in Shakespearian English. Unlike WH-relatives, THAT and øare now not used in -R clauses in PE. As regards ø, this constraint is already at work in Shakespearian English, but not absolutely so. The change towards THAT strategy seems to appear in -R clauses: -R THAT is rather rare in the early 16th century, but the frequency is temporarily on the increase in Shakespearian English. As in Table II, THAT strategy is obviously on the descrease in Standard MODE. The cause of this change is attributable to the expansion of ø. Extraneous WH- is firmly established in -R clauses, while it is also used in +R clauses. It is obvious that MODE has put semantic constraints on the relativization strategies. The present paper has showed that Keenan & Comrie's AH had relevance to Shakespearian English. When setting up and AH scale, +H/-H dichotomy is found to be a parameter which we should consider. +H subjects are superior to -H subjects in semantics, which has an influence on the accessibility scale. What Romaine(1980) has discovered in Middle Scots applies for Shakespearian English in general. The more or less extraneous WH- strategy is more frequent in the difficult positions. Relative pronoun deletion is not common in OE and ME. It is virtually confined to the subjects position. This process increases the frequency during Shakespearian English, while it begins to put restrictions on the subject positions. This restriction has reached its completion in Standard PE. The directionality of the change is opposite to that of WH- strategy. Therefore, the history of MODE relative pronouns is characterized by two main changes: the expansion of WH- up the AH scale and the expansion of pronoun deletion down this scale.

전라남도 시설채소 농가의 합리적 경영을 위한 작부체계 연구

이을경,김석현 전남대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2000 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.35 No.-

This study analyzes the cropping system and the income of greenhouse farms in chonnam province, and seeks an efficient farm plan to increase their income. Since the middle of 1980's the demand for fresh vegetables and the size of greenhouse horticulture farms have been expanding rapidly along with the general standard of living. The area of the greenhouse horticulture which accounted for 31% of the total area of the vegetable planted in 1993, has increased to 54% in 1998. Vegetables such as strawberries, watermelons, tomatoes, and peppers are crops in which farmers can make a large income. But Most of the farmers have problems of inefficient management as well as capital shortage, so they are exposed to risks. Methods such as maximin, minimax, QP, MOTAD, Target MOTAD are used to manage risks and offer efficient farm plans. According to the specific situation they are faced, farmers can make a decision with results concluded by each method.

폐렴구군 Type 23 협막다당류 생산의 최적화

민관기,표석능,이동권 성균관대학교 약학연구소 1999 成均藥硏論文集 Vol.11 No.-

Abstract-Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is the most frequent causative agent of acute bacterial pneumonia. Outstanding characteristic of pneumococcus is an ample polysaccharide capsule that is highly antigenic agent and is the major factor for classification of pneumococcus into more than 94 serotypes. In this study, production of capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 23 was optimized by supplementation of metal ions or by modulation of culture conditions. When brain heart infusion (BHI) broth was supplemented with 1 mM concentration of CaCl_2, CuSO_4 and MgSO_4, growth of pneumococcus as well as polysaccharide yield were stimulated. Also slight aeration gave rise to better polysaccharide yield.

폐염균의 항생제 감수성 검색

김수남,이동권,표석능 성균관대학교 약학연구소 1993 成均藥硏論文集 Vol.5 No.1

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major cause of bacteremia, meningitis, penumonia, sinusitis, and otitis media. Although this organism was originally exquisitely susceptible to penicillin, the last two decades have witnessed the emergence of strains resistant to penicillin as well as other antimicrobial agents in many parts of the world. 102 isolates obtained from patients with invasive pneumococcal disease have been examined the susceptibility to various antibiotics. 52% to 85% of isolates tested were resistant to various antibiotics. These data suggest that more powerful antibiotics should be used for the treatment of pneumococal infection.

Session B : Carbohydrates , Lipids and Natural Product Chemistry : THE ROLE OF PG AND PG ANALOGUES IN OSMOTIC STABILITY MULTILAMELLAR LIPOSOME

Suhk Mann Kim,Jong Cheul Kim,Shin Won Kang,Jang Su Park 생화학분자생물학회(구 한국생화학분자생물학회) 1993 추계학술대회집 Vol.- No.-