Adolescent sexuality: Negotiating the influences of family, friends, school and the mass media

Steele, Jeanne Rogge The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

This qualitative study considered the question: Where do the mass media fit among other primary influences in teens' lives as they forge their sexual identities form their attitudes, values and beliefs about love, sex and relationships. Fifty-one middle school and high school students who lived in or near a southern college town participated. A triangulated design that combined focused group discussions, self-report media journals, room tours and in-depth interviews was used to generate data. The project was characterized by an inter-disciplinary perspective; respect for the complexity of adolescent development; and sensitivity to the differences implicit in socio-cultural-historical contexts. Boys and girls and typically hard-to-reach populations were included. Motivated by a desire to find ways to use the media more effectively to encourage safe sex among teenagers, the study was guided by the premise that if we can figure out how adolescents with different personal and social identities and sociocultural backgrounds select, interact and apply media matter in their everyday lives, we will be able to do a better job of reaching teens with media messages that they will listen to and act on. Grounded in earlier empirical work on adolescents' room, culture (Brown, Dykers, Steele & White, 1993), the study used the Adolescents' Media Practice Model (Steele & Brown, 1995) as its organizing frame. It found that through the media, teens gain access to an army of sexual scripts and value systems that may differ from what they've been taught or have encountered in their own lives. Media technologies and content open up windows on worlds larger than those encountered at home, in school or with friends, the contexts investigated to understand teens' Lived Experience. The study concluded that teens' sense of who they are and where they fit in the world (Identity) influences the media they attend to (Selection); how they experience and make sense of that media (Interaction); and the ways they incorporate or resist media messages (Application) in their everyday lives. Findings suggest that the Adolescents' Media Practice Model may be equally applicable to individuals at other lifestages.

"Gracious Affection" and "true virtue" in the experimental theologies of Jonathan Edwards and John Wesley : by Richard Bruce Steele

Steele, Richard Bruce Marquette University 1990 국내석사

Unintended discrimination and preferential treatment through category activation in an interview setting

Steele, Jennifer Rose Harvard University 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

Research on stereotype activation has demonstrated the profound effect that a subtle stereotype or identity cue can have on behavior (Bargh et al. 1996), attributions (Devine, 1989; Gilbert & Hixon, 1991), and even performance (Steele, 1997; Shih et al., 1999). Applied research on workplace discrimination suggests that stereotypes can also have a significant impact on hiring and promotion decisions (Heilman, 2001). In this dissertation I combine these two literatures by examining whether an otherwise identical job candidate will be evaluated differently depending on the relative salience of her multiple identities. In Study 1, participants interviewed and then evaluated an Asian-American female confederate for a computer technician position after being very subtly reminded of her racial identity (positively stereotyped), her gender identity (negatively stereotyped), or both of these identities equally (control condition). Consistent with societal stereotypes, participants reminded of her Asian identity gave her a higher overall rating, were more willing to hire her, and recommended giving her higher pay than participants reminded of her female identity. This was despite the fact that participants perceived no differences in her abilities across conditions. The goal of Study 2 was to extend these results by examining the effect of perceived competence on participants' perceptions of a fictional job candidate. Participants again expressed the greatest likelihood of hiring an Asian-American woman for a computer technician position when the application form emphasized her Asian identity, and the least willingness when the form highlighted her female identity, relative to a control condition. This effect was more pronounced when the candidate was high as opposed to low in computer competence and was not moderated by the sex or race of the participants. Additional results indicate that participants were not consciously aware (or at least willing to admit) that stereotypes were influencing their responses. These findings point to the irrationality of stereotype use in hiring decisions and emphasize the practical disadvantage that employers may face when they are influenced by these group-based characteristics. In addition, the results indicate that stereotype activation can affect a wide range of behaviors, including hiring decisions and resource allocation.

Degree of implementation of the American School Counselor Association National Model and school counselor burnout

Steele, Katrina Marie Old Dominion University 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

School counselors have undergone a job description evolution over the past 100 years. Changes have been made in the education that is required to be a school counselor. The American School Counselor Association (ASCA) has developed a national model to define the role and job activities of school counselors. Most school counselors, counseling programs within individual schools, and school districts have incorporated parts of the ASCA National Model of school counseling to varying degrees. This study focused on the degree to which counselors perceived the ASCA National Model was adopted in their schools and whether the degree of adoption was associated with school counselor job burnout. Instruments that were used in this study include the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-ES) for educators and a form of the School Counseling Program Implementation Survey (SCPIS). This study found a significant relationship between burnout and implementation of the ASCA National Model. The more implemented the ASCA National Model is in schools the less burnout school counselors feel.

Do financial incentives help low-performing schools attract and keep academically talented teachers? Evidence from California

Steele, Jennifer L Harvard University 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

This study capitalizes on a natural experiment that occurred in California between 2000-01 and 2001-02, when the state offered a competitive $20,000 incentive called the Governor's Teaching Fellowship (GTF) to attract 1,250 academically talented, novice teachers to designated low-performing schools and retain them in those schools for at least four years. The abrupt introduction of the GTF program provides an opportunity to use a difference-in-differences strategy to estimate the program's causal impact on the propensity of academically talented, novice teachers to begin and continue working in low-performing schools. Using longitudinal employment data for 19,822 Californians enrolled in teacher licensure programs from 1998 through 2002, I estimate that the availability of the GTF increased by 3.4 percentage points, or 8.4 percent, the probability that academically talented licensure candidates entered low-performing schools within three years after licensure program enrollment. Furthermore, estimates of the GTF effect are similar across the distribution of low-performing schools. However, among academically talented teachers who entered low-performing schools, the GTF program does not appear to have influenced the length of time they remained in those schools.

Identification and characterization of an imprinting control region on the distal end of mouse chromosome 7

Steele, Scott John Sorbero Princeton University 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

Imprinting is an epigenetic process whereby the expression of a gene depends on its parent of origin. Many imprinted genes exist in clusters, suggesting that regulation of their imprinting and expression may be coordinated. The distal end of mouse chromosome 7 contains at least six imprinted genes including <italic>Cdkn1c</italic>, <italic>Kcnq1</italic> (<italic>Kvlqt</italic>), <italic> Ascl2</italic> (<italic>Mash2</italic>), <italic>Ins2</italic>, <italic>Igf2 </italic>, and <italic>H19</italic>, and this region is homologous with the human imprinted region at 11p15.5. <italic>Igf2</italic>, <italic>Ins2</italic> and <italic>H19</italic> require an imprinting control region (ICR) at <italic> H19</italic> to maintain proper imprinting, while <italic>Ascl2</italic>, <italic> Cdkn1c</italic> and <italic>Kcnq1</italic> imprinting appears to be independent of this locus. We set out to identify potential ICRs for <italic>Cdkn1c</italic>, <italic> Kcnq1</italic>, and <italic>Ascl2</italic>. A candidate ICR was initially identified in human as a paternally expressed antisense transcript termed <italic> LIT1</italic> (Long QT Intronic Transcript 1) originating within <italic> KvLQT1</italic>. <italic>LIT1</italic> transcription appeared to originate from a differentially methylated CpG island within intron 10 of <italic>KvLQT1 </italic>. We have identified a maternally methylated CpG island within intron 10 of <italic>Kcnq1</italic> in mouse. To evaluate the ability of this region to function as an ICR we also characterized it structurally and functionally. The DMR contains within it a functional promoter that directs the transcription of a non-coding RNA, <italic>Kcnq1ot1</italic>. The promoter was localized to a region containing three strong paternal-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites. To test if this DMR might function by enhancer blocking, as shown for the <italic>H19</italic> ICR, a series of fragments of the DMR were tested in a stable transformation assay for enhancer blocking and silencer function. These assays determined that the region displays strong silencing activity. To test if the <italic>Kcnq1</italic>-associated DMR has a function <italic> in vivo</italic>, I generated a targeted deletion of this region by removing the entire CpG island, including the hypersensitive sites, the <italic>Kcnq1ot1 </italic> promoter, and the region found to have silencing activity. Paternal inheritance of this deletion resulted in biallelic expression of at least five genes normally silent on the paternal allele. Our results suggest that the <italic>Kcnq1</italic> DMR acts as an ICR by functioning as a bi-directional silencer on the paternal allele.

On the asymmetric timeliness of operating cash flows

Steele, Logan B The University of Arizona 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

I examine why operating cash flows exhibit asymmetric timeliness with respect to stock returns and given this understanding, address the consequences for research into conditional accounting conservatism. Numerous studies document that operating cash flows are more sensitive to negative stock returns relative to positive returns. Because the properties of cash flows are defined largely by the operating (rather than reporting) decisions taken by management, the asymmetric relation with returns cannot be explained by conditional conservatism. I find that the asymmetric timeliness of cash flows is primarily driven by product pricing, whereby managers are quick to cut prices in response to bad economic news, but do not appear to increase prices in response to good economic news. Consistent with this reasoning, I find that firms with greater pricing power exhibit lower asymmetric timeliness in operating cash flows as well as in earnings. Variation in the asymmetric timeliness of earnings induced by operating cash flows should not be interpreted as evidence of conditional conservatism. With this in mind, I revisit several existing inferences regarding conditional conservatism. I conclude that researchers should employ a specification of the Basu 1997 model that (1) avoids the confounding effect of cash flow asymmetry and (2) addresses the matching role of accruals.

Essays on incomplete information in economic development

Steele, Jennifer Lynn The University of Texas at Austin 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

This thesis studies the effects of incomplete information on economic development. Relaxing the assumption that information is complete allows for corruption to occur, even in equilibrium, and for poverty traps to develop. The first paper looks at how the lack of enforcement mechanisms affects contracts, and how a more efficient contracting mechanism can be developed in aid settings. I find that as the level of corruption increases, the contract will encompass more stages. In the second paper, the agent's level of corruption is unknown, and the principal may screen agents by inducing corruption with positive probability. This would account for the corruption seen in development projects as an equilibrium effect. The third paper looks at the effect of uncertainty about foreign productivity on a firm's foreign direct investment (FDI) decision. Dependent on the form of the information, this may result in either an underinvestment of FDI, or no FDI at all.

Using Event-Related Brain Potentials to Help Explain Posterior-Parietal Repetition Effects in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Steele, Vaughn R University of Minnesota 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Background. A major distinction in cognitive psychology is that two different forms of memory exist, explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory is the effortful, deliberate recollection of past experiences (e.g., remembering a specific event in one's past). Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory does not require effortful, deliberate recollection of past experiences to influence behavior, yet memory is still expressed (e.g., stimulus processing is facilitated for repeated relative to a non-repeated stimulus, an effect labeled repetition priming,). Each of these forms of memory has been extensively researched and different cortical regions appear to underlie explicit and implicit memory. Recently, however, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments have indicated that repetition effects in posterior-parietal regions that are usually associated with explicit memory have been measured in implicit memory experiments. Question. Why are repetition effects in posterior-parietal regions observed during an implicit memory task when intentional (or explicit) memory retrieval is not necessary for task performance?. Possible Interpretations. Three possible interpretations of these effects were put forward and tested in this experiment using event-related potentials (ERP). Previous studies of posterior-parietal activity suggest that repetition effects in these areas could be attributable to (1) involuntary contamination of explicit memory for previously presented stimuli during putative implicit memory tests, (2) changes in the default mode network (DMN), which is a general network in the brain most active when the participant is not taxed with a cognitive task, and (3) priming in the action pathway of vision. Method. These interpretations were tested using time domain (TD) ERPs collected during a putatively implicit memory experiment that paralleled the procedure used in a preceding fMRI experiment. Time-frequency (TF) analysis also was performed on these ERP data and two frequency bands were extracted (alpha, 8-12 Hz; theta, 2.5-8 Hz). Using TD ERPs and TF analysis allows for arbitrating between the three potential interpretations. Predictions. The explicit memory contamination hypothesis posits that primed (repeated) stimuli should not differ from unprimed (new) stimuli in the TD until 500 ms or later, but afterward there should be a positive deflection (primarily anterior in topography) for primed stimuli compared to unprimed stimuli. Also, the explicit memory contamination posits that anterior alpha or theta power should be greater for primed stimuli than for unprimed stimuli. The change in DMN hypothesis posits that posterior alpha power should be greater for primed stimuli than for unprimed stimuli or anterior theta power should be lesser for primed stimuli than for unprimed stimuli. The priming in the action pathway hypothesis posits that a difference in activity between primed and unprimed conditions should be observed in an early P1 component in occipital temporal locations, and this effect should be greater for highly actionable objects than for nonactionable objects. Results. Primed stimuli elicited a more positive deflection (beginning between 300 and 400 ms) in the TD ERP measures relative to unprimed stimuli, replicating many previous implicit memory ERP studies. One of the three possible interpretations to explain posterior-parietal activation was supported with the ERP and TF analysis. In line with the change in DMN hypothesis, lesser anterior theta power was measured for the primed stimuli relative to the unprimed stimuli. Conclusion. In conclusion, the current ERP experiment offers insight into posterior-parietal repetition effects measured with fMRI during putatively implicit memory experiments. Results supported the hypothesis that the DMN is engaged by primed and unprimed stimuli to different degrees. This will allow researchers to interpret posteriorparietal repetition effects measured with fMRI in a putatively implicit memory experiment as potentially reflecting a change in DMN processing.

Community perspectives on land use planning and regulation

Steele, Jennifer K The Pennsylvania State University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

Population growth increased in rural areas nationwide during the 1990's, particularly those located near metropolitan areas and those with rich natural resource amenities. While this trend presents new economic development opportunities, it also places strains on scenic and working landscapes, water quality, and local government budgets. Guiding growth and development through land use planning and regulation has been advanced as a strategy to minimize such negative impacts, but capacity-related and political barriers to these activities have been identified. In addition to these challenges is the fact that conscious attention to affordable housing is needed if land use regulations are to avoid placing undue burdens on low- and moderate-income residents. This situation necessitates a comprehensive approach—one that addresses not only how to improve the utilization of existing tools, but also how to improve the ability of localities to develop more effective approaches in the first place. Most research attention to why and how rural localities develop such tools has framed questions in relation to the conditions favoring one interest group over another, rather than the conditions under which land use tools generate either <italic>broad-based</italic> support or opposition. This research applies a community perspective to explore reasons for variations in the use of basic land use tools among Pennsylvania localities. First, statewide, minor civil-division level analyses of the relationships between population and economic growth and the presence of land use tools are conducted. Second, interaction processes are compared in two rural townships with similar structural characteristics and growth experiences—one of which adopted tools and the other of which did not. The intent is to improve understanding of how meanings associated with these tools are locally shaped and expressed in local government decisions. This will inform possibilities for applying community development outreach to improve the ability of localities to manage growth.