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Modulation of LPS-Stimulated Astroglial Activation by Ginseng Total Saponins
Sokho Kim,Sehwan Shim,Dea-Seung Choi,Jong-Hoon Kim,Young-Bae Kwon,Jungkee Kwon 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.1
Ginseng, a traditional medicine in Asian countries, is known to prevent various neuropathologic diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Ginseng total saponins (GTS) in particular are one of the most effective ginseng extract compounds for neuroprotection. However, their protective effects on astrocytes are rarely reported. In pathological circumstances, astroglial activation plays a pivotal role in neuroinfl ammation. Subsequently, neuroinfl ammation induced by activated astrocytes causes brain damage. The purpose of the present study was to determine the suppressive effects of GTS on astroglial activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- stimulated rat primary astrocytes. Astrocytes treated for 24 h with LPS demonstrated suppressed glial fi brillary acidic protein expression in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of GTS. GTS reduced production of proinfl ammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β and inhibited the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated astrocytes. Furthermore, GTS suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species production. These modulations due to GTS may indicate neuroprotective antiinfl ammatory properties which may in turn be related to improvements in neurological performance.
Sokho Kim,Ji-Young Na,Ki-Bbeum Song,Dea-Seung Choi,Jong-Hoon Kim,Young-Bae Kwon,Jungkee Kwon 고려인삼학회 2012 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.36 No.2
The abnormal maturation and ossifi cation of articular chondrocytes play a central role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Inhibiting the enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix and maintaining the cellular phenotype are two of the major goals of interest in managing OA. Ginseng is frequently taken orally, as a crude substance, as a traditional medicine in Asian countries. Ginsenoside Rb₁, a major component of ginseng that contains an aglycone with a dammarane skeleton, has been reported to exhibit various biological activities, including anti-infl ammatory and anti-tumor effects. However, a chondroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 related to OA has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the chondroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on the regulation of pro-infl ammatory factors and chondrogenic genes. Cultured rat articular chondrocytes were treated with 100 μM ginsenoside Rb1 and/or 500 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and assessed for viability, reactive oxygen species production, nitric oxide (NO) release, and chondrogenic gene expression. Ginsenoside Rb1 treatment resulted in reductions in the levels of pro-infl ammatory cytokine and NO in H₂O₂-treated chondrocytes. The expression levels of chondrogenic genes, such as type Ⅱ collagen and SOX9, were increased in the presence of ginsenoside Rb1, whereas the expression levels of infl ammatory genes related to chondrocytes, such as MMP1 and MMP13, were reduced by approximately 50%. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb₁ has potential for use as a therapeutic agent in OA patients.