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IIW White Paper - Its Significance to Creating a National Welding Capability
Christopher Smallbone 대한용접·접합학회 2015 대한용접학회 특별강연 및 학술발표대회 개요집 Vol.2015 No.05
In today’s world, no country or organisation can remain in isolation. Issues such as climate change, natural disasters, population growth and global economics are common to us all, as nations strive to achieve sustainable development in a sustainable environment. We are brought closer together by modern communications, information technology and travel, and are aware of our role and responsibilities in a cooperative and converging global community. With world population reaching 7 billion in 2011 and 9 billion predicted by 2045, the pressures on manufacturing, infrastructure and power generation, not to mention basic needs such as food, water, shelter and education, will become enormous common challenges. Welding - as an enabling technology that plays a critical role in almost every industry sector - is critical to the world’s ability to cope with these pressures and changes. Whether joining 20 micron in the Cochlear Ear Implant or welding the 480 metres long, 74 metres wide, 600,000 tonne world’s first floating liquefied natural gas plant, welding makes significant contributions to the global quality of life. Welding technologies, whether basic or sophisticated, and the people skilled in their implementation and application, are thus cornerstones to improved quality of life for all. The 57-member country International Institute of Welding (IIW) has released a Vision 2020 document, the IIW White Paper (WhiP), which has been developed by IIW experts in the fields of materials welding and joining technologies, training and education, as well as design and assessment of welded structures, to highlight future opportunities, needs and challenges world-wide. The WhiP has the following five primary objectives: ∙ To recommend the implementation of strategies to find solutions to meet these challenges ∙ To agree on directions to arrive at solutions ∙ To promote the implementation of identified directions for solutions on a national, regional and international basis through greater collaboration, shared knowledge and partnerships. ∙ To improve overall global quality of life i.e. health, safety, food, water, fair trade, environment, education opportunities. This paper reviews challenges for industries utilising welding and joining technologies. It looks at initiatives throughout the world and outlines IIW strategies for international cooperation for the achievement of the WhiP objectives, and the overall goals of the IIW Project “To Improve the Global Quality of Life through the Optimum Use of Welding Technology". In particular, it identifies aspects of the IIW White Paper that can be used by a country to establish a national welding capability: ∙ Education, Training, Skills and Career Paths ∙ Qualification and Certification ∙ Technology Transfer ∙ Research and Development ∙ National and International Networks
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Recon 2.2: from reconstruction to model of human metabolism
Swainston, Neil,Smallbone, Kieran,Hefzi, Hooman,Dobson, Paul D.,Brewer, Judy,Hanscho, Michael,Zielinski, Daniel C.,Ang, Kok Siong,Gardiner, Natalie J.,Gutierrez, Jahir M.,Kyriakopoulos, Sarantos,Laksh Springer US 2016 METABOLOMICS Vol.12 No.7
<P><B>Introduction</B></P><P>The human genome-scale metabolic reconstruction details all known metabolic reactions occurring in humans, and thereby holds substantial promise for studying complex diseases and phenotypes. Capturing the whole human metabolic reconstruction is an on-going task and since the last community effort generated a consensus reconstruction, several updates have been developed.</P><P><B>Objectives</B></P><P>We report a new consensus version, Recon 2.2, which integrates various alternative versions with significant additional updates. In addition to re-establishing a consensus reconstruction, further key objectives included providing more comprehensive annotation of metabolites and genes, ensuring full mass and charge balance in all reactions, and developing a model that correctly predicts ATP production on a range of carbon sources.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Recon 2.2 has been developed through a combination of manual curation and automated error checking. Specific and significant manual updates include a respecification of fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation and a coupling of the electron transport chain to ATP synthase activity. All metabolites have definitive chemical formulae and charges specified, and these are used to ensure full mass and charge reaction balancing through an automated linear programming approach. Additionally, improved integration with transcriptomics and proteomics data has been facilitated with the updated curation of relationships between genes, proteins and reactions.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Recon 2.2 now represents the most predictive model of human metabolism to date as demonstrated here. Extensive manual curation has increased the reconstruction size to 5324 metabolites, 7785 reactions and 1675 associated genes, which now are mapped to a single standard. The focus upon mass and charge balancing of all reactions, along with better representation of energy generation, has produced a flux model that correctly predicts ATP yield on different carbon sources.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>Through these updates we have achieved the most complete and best annotated consensus human metabolic reconstruction available, thereby increasing the ability of this resource to provide novel insights into normal and disease states in human. The model is freely available from the Biomodels database (http://identifiers.org/biomodels.db/MODEL1603150001).</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-016-1051-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>
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( Oluwafemi Davies ),( Pedro Mendes ),( Kieran Smallbone ),( Naglis Malys ) 생화학분자생물학회 (구 한국생화학분자생물학회) 2012 BMB Reports Vol.45 No.4
Accumulation of modified nucleotides is defective to various cellular processes, especially those involving DNA and RNA. To be viable, organisms possess a number of (deoxy)nucleotide phosphohydrolases, which hydrolyze these nucleotides removing them from the active NTP and dNTP pools. Deamination of purine bases can result in accumulation of such nucleotides as ITP, dITP, XTP and dXTP. E. coli RdgB has been characterised as a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase that can act on these nucleotides. S. cerevisiae homologue encoded by YJR069C was purified and its (d)NTPase activity was assayed using fifteen nucleotide substrates. ITP, dITP, and XTP were identified as major substrates and kinetic parameters measured. Inhibition by ATP, dATP and GTP were established. On the basis of experimental and published data, modelling and simulation of ITP, dITP, XTP and dXTP metabolism was performed. (d)ITP/(d)XTPase is a new example of enzyme with multiple substrate-specificity demonstrating that multispecificity is not a rare phenomenon [BMB reports 2012; 45(4): 259-264]
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