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RISS 인기검색어
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- 저자 : Simpas, J.B. (검색결과 2 건)
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Kecorius, S.,Madueno, L.,Vallar, E.,Alas, H.,Betito, G.,Birmili, W.,Cambaliza, M.O.,Catipay, G.,Gonzaga-Cayetano, M.,Galvez, M.C.,Lorenzo, G.,Muller, T.,Simpas, J.B.,Tamayo, E.G.,Wiedensohler, A. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2017 Atmospheric environment Vol.170 No.-
Ultrafine soot particles (black carbon, BC) in urban environments are related to adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects, increased cases of asthma and premature deaths. These problems are especially pronounced in developing megacities in South-East Asia, Latin America, and Africa, where unsustainable urbanization ant outdated environmental protection legislation resulted in severe degradation of urban air quality in terms of black carbon emission. Since ultrafine soot particles do often not lead to enhanced PM<SUB>10</SUB> and PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass concentration, the risks related to ultrafine particle pollution may therefore be significantly underestimated compared to the contribution of secondary aerosol constituents. To increase the awareness of the potential toxicological relevant problems of ultrafine black carbon particles, we conducted a case study in Metro Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Here, we present a part of the results from a detailed field campaign, called Manila Aerosol Characterization Experiment (MACE, 2015). Measurements took place from May to June 2015 with the focus on the state of mixing of aerosol particles. The results were alarming, showing the abundance of externally mixed refractory particles (soot proxy) at street site with a maximum daily number concentration of approximately 15000 #/cm<SUP>3</SUP>. That is up to 10 times higher than in cities of Western countries. We also found that the soot particle mass contributed from 55 to 75% of total street site PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>. The retrieved refractory particle number size distribution appeared to be a superposition of 2 ultrafine modes at 20 and 80 nm with a corresponding contribution to the total refractory particle number of 45 and 55%, respectively. The particles in the 20 nm mode were most likely ash from metallic additives in lubricating oil, tiny carbonaceous particles and/or nucleated and oxidized organic polymers, while bigger ones (80 nm) were soot agglomerates. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no other studies reported such high number concentration of ultrafine refractory particles under ambient conditions. Inverse modeling of emission factors of refractory particle number size distributions revealed that diesel-fed public utility Jeepneys, commonly used for public transportation, are responsible for 94% of total roadside emitted refractory particle mass. The observed results showed that the majority of urban pollution in Metro Manila is dominated by carbonaceous aerosol. This suggests that PM<SUB>10</SUB> or PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> metrics do not fully describe possible health related effects in this kind of urban environments. Extremely high concentrations of ultrafine particles have been and will continue to induce adverse health related effects, because of their potential toxicity. We imply that in megacities, where the major fraction of particulates originates from the transport sector, PM<SUB>10</SUB> or PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> mass concentration should be complemented by legislative measurements of equivalent black carbon mass concentration.
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James H. Crawford,Katherine Travis,Laura Judd,Barry Lefer,Jack Dibb,Jhoon Kim,Rokjin Park,Gangwoong Lee,Limseok Chang,James Simpas,Maria Obiminda Cambaliza,Ronald Macatangay,Vanisa Surapipith,Narisara 한국대기환경학회 2021 한국대기환경학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.10
The recent launch of the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) provides an important catalyst for increased dialogue and cooperation among Asian countries to address air quality. Other emerging efforts to support GEMS validation and international cooperation include the Pandora Asia Network (PAN) and the Pan Asia Partnership for Geospatial Air Pollution Information (PAPGAPI). These efforts represent long-term commitments to bridging satellite observations with ground-based monitoring to inform air quality. Aircraft observations can provide invaluable context to the satellite and ground-based perspectives that are used more routinely to inform air quality models used for both forecasting and attribution. Important information from aircraft includes measuring detailed composition for source fingerprinting, vertical profiling of composition for satellite validation and model assessment, observing chemical and dynamical processes affecting secondary pollution (i.e., fine particles and ozone), relating specific VOC mixtures to satellite HCHO, providing fine scale pollution mapping with remote sensors, etc. Such information is critical for understanding the local factors influencing air quality for a specific location, quantifying emission sources, and assessing potential mitigation strategies for decision makers. ASIA-AQ proposes to provide airborne observations over three to five Asian megacities with repetitive observations that will observe the diurnal and vertical distribution of primary emissions and secondary pollutants with at least four flights over each location. In combination with satellite and ground observations, data would support analyses for assessment of emissions, model evaluation, process-level understanding of secondary pollutants (i.e., fine particles and ozone), and satellite validation and interpretation. Current status of the ASIA-AQ white paper, nominal plans, and opportunities for involvement will be presented.
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