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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Sifakis, Eftychios D (검색결과 2 건)
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The epidemiology of HIV infection in the Baltimore Young Men's Survey
Sifakis, Frangiscos The Johns Hopkins University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)
<italic>Objectives</italic>. Researchers have long suspected that young men who have sex with men (MSM) did not follow the risk-reduction efforts of their older counterparts and ascribe to HIV risk behaviors at very high levels. The purpose of this study was to describe HIV prevalence and associated risks, estimate HIV incidence, and investigate racial disparities among young MSM. <italic>Methods</italic>. The Young Men's Survey (YMS) was a cross-sectional, venue-based survey conducted in Baltimore (1996–2000). MSM (15–29 years old) were recruited from public venues. Data collection included a questionnaire and serologic testing. HIV incidence was calculated by the Serologic Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion (STARHS). Correlates of HIV seropositivity, prior HIV testing, recent unprotected anal intercourse (UAI), and drug-use during recent sexual encounters were ascertained by multivariate logistic regression. <italic>Results</italic>. Among 843 participants, overall HIV prevalence was 12.1%, yet 27.1% among African Americans. HIV seropositivity was associated with: being 26–29 years old, African American, of Other/mixed race, having had 5–19 and over 20 lifetime male partners, and a history of STD. The prevalence of prior HIV testing was 78.9%. Adjusting for age, race, and HIV serostatus, having had 5–19 and over 20 lifetime male partners, male anal intercourse, and history of STD were independently associated with prior HIV testing, whereas recent UAI was not. Overall HIV incidence was 4.15% per year (95% CI: 1.76, 8.56), yet 11.02% per year (95% CI: 4.10, 24.13) among African Americans. The following were independent predictors of recent UAI: more than four male sexual partners in the last six months and drug-use during sex. <italic>Conclusions</italic>. The HIV epidemic greatly affects young MSM and in particular minorities, both in terms of disease burden and number of new infections. Prevention services have successfully attracted those with riskier behaviors, yet may lack the ability to change such practices. The effects of drug-use during sex and increasing numbers of male partners are a core concern regarding practice of UAI. With rates of drug-use during sex and UAI comparable to other ethnicities, African Americans seem to have significantly higher HIV incidence rates potentially due to their sexual mixing patterns.
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Algorithmic aspects of the simulation and control of computer generated human anatomy models
Sifakis, Eftychios D Stanford University 2007 해외박사(DDOD)
Computer aided simulation of the appearance and function of the human body has found compelling applications in entertainment, biomechanics and medicine. Furthermore, recreating realistic humanlike behavior with a synthetic face or body model constitutes one of the most challenging benchmarks for physics-based simulation algorithms, due to the complexity and resolution of the utilized models. As a result, the quest for visual realism and biomechanical accuracy in virtual human simulation has often inspired novel algorithms with broader impact in the field of physics-based simulation. Using realistic character animation as the underlying motivation, this thesis describes a host of new techniques that helped bring physics-based face and body models to life. These include a robust quasistatic finite element solver able to simulate meshes with over a million elements in the presence of inverted or degenerate elements, an optimization algorithm for the automatic extraction of facial muscle activations from motion captured performances, a hybrid solids simulation framework that allows the utilization of distinct representations for elastic simulation, collision handling and constraint resolution, and a flexible geometric algorithm for placing cracks and incisions on deformable structures during simulation. Geometrical and constitutive modeling of active musculature is addressed for musculoskeletal and facial simulation tasks. Finally, the usability of these algorithms and models is illustrated both in human anatomy simulation scenarios as well as in more general physics-based simulation tasks for computer graphics applications.
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