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Zika virus infection of adult and fetal <i>STAT2</i> knock-out hamsters
Siddharthan, Venkatraman,Van Wettere, Arnaud J.,Li, Rong,Miao, Jinxin,Wang, Zhongde,Morrey, John D.,Julander, Justin G. 3M Company 2017 Virology Vol.507 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Zika virus (ZIKV) infection was investigated in adult and fetal <I>STAT2</I> knock-out (KO) hamsters. Subcutaneous injection of ZIKV of adults resulted in morbidity, mortality, and infection of the uterus, placenta, brain, spinal cord, and testicles, thus providing an opportunity to evaluate congenital ZIKV infection in a second rodent species besides mice. ZIKV-infected cells with morphologies of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia were observed in the testes, which may have implications for sexual transmission and male sterility. Neonates exposed as fetuses to ZIKV at 8 days post-coitus were not smaller than controls. Nevertheless, infectious virus and ZIKV RNA was detected in some, but not all, placentas and fetal brains of KO hamsters. <I>STAT2</I> KO hamsters may be useful for addressing sexual transmission, pathogenesis, routes of fetal infection, and neurological disease outcomes, and may also be used in antiviral or vaccine studies to identify intervention strategies.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Infection of <I>STAT2</I> knock-out hamsters resulted in morbidity and mortality. </LI> <LI> The uterus, placenta, brain, spinal cord, and testicles were infected. </LI> <LI> ZIKV infected cells with morphologies of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. </LI> <LI> ZIKV was detected in some, but not all, placentas and fetal brains of KO hamsters. </LI> <LI> Fetuses exposed to ZIKV were not smaller than controls. </LI> </UL> </P>
N.S. Siddharthan,M.L. Lakhera 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2005 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.12 No.1
We argue in this paper that in the WTO regime the role of efficiency seeking FDI and location advantages are likely to emerge more important. A primary survey was conducted and the Japanese MNEs were asked to assess location advantages for India in relation to China and the East Asian countries. The results support the earlier studies on the importance of infrastructure development in attracting FDI but do not back the emphasis on controls and administrative complexities.