Intercropping of Cow Pea (Vigna unguiculata) as Summer Forage Yield with Grewia tenax in Irrigated Saline Soil of Khartoum State, Sudan

Nasre Aldin Mustafa Abdalla,Seid Ahmed Hussein Alawad,Ballal Mohamed ElMukhtar 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2022 Journal of Forest Science Vol.38 No.2

Agroforestry in terms of intercropping cow pea as summer forage with Grewia tenax was undertaken under sub -irrigation system in two consecutive seasons of 2017 and 2018 in saline soil of Khartoum State of Sudan. The aims were to find out suitable agro forestry system for saline soils as well as to investigate effect of tree spacing on field summer forage crop under semi -irrigation system. Therefore G. tenax trees that spaced at 4×4 m were used as main factor versus cow pea crop that incorporated at 25×50 cm intervals by using completely randomized block design with 3 replications. Trees and crop parameters were determined in terms of plant growth and yield. In addition to land equivalent ratio and soil chemical and physical properties at different layers were determined. The results revealed that, soil parameters in terms of CaCo₃, SAR, ESP, pH paste and EC ds/m were increased with increasing soil depths. Meanwhile tree growth did not show any significant differences in the first season in 2017. Whereas in the second season in 2018 tree growth namely; tree height, tree collar and canopy diameters were higher under intercropping than in sole trees. Cow pea plant height recorded significant differences under sole crop in the first season in 2017. Unlike the forage fresh yield that was significant under the inter cropped plots. Tree fruit yield was higher under sole trees and land equivalent ratio was more advantageous under GS2 (1.5 m) which amounted to 4. Therefore it is possible to introduce this agroforestry system under saline soils to provide summer forage of highly nutritive value to feed animals and to increase farmers’ income as far as to halt desertification and to sequester carbon.

Deciphering genotype-by-environment interaction for targeting test environments and genotypes resistant to wheat stem rust disease

Abate Fentaw,Mehari Hailay,Ahmed Seid,Odong Thomas,Rubaihayo Patrick 한국작물학회 2023 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.26 No.5

Stem rust disease (UG99) caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. Tritici has a negative significant impact on the world’s wheat production. Host-plant resistance is the most efficient and practical strategy used for managing this disease, hence, breeding for stem rust resistance continues to be an integral part of the genetic improvement of wheat. Twenty-one wheat genotypes including advanced breeding lines, released varieties and a susceptible check (Morocco) were evaluated for their response to stem rust disease across 6 environments in Ethiopia. Genotypes (G), environment (E), and Genotype x environment interactions (GEI) were examined by biplot which partitioned the main effect into G, E, and GEI with significant levels (P ≤ 0.001) being obtained from final rust severity data. The results revealed that genotypes had contributed 58.92% of resistance variation followed by GEI and E with 28.68% and 3.97% of the total effects, respectively. AMMI biplot and GGE biplot techniques enabled us to identify two stable genotypes (G12 and G60) based on their performance across diverse environments, while G31 and G52 showed specifically good resistance performance on Debrezeit and Kulmsa testing environments. The GGE biplot method also identified Lay-Gaint as the ideal test environment with a high representative and better discriminative power for selecting durable rust-resistant genotypes, while Sali was the least desirable test environment. In addition, the GGE biplot analysis identified two distinct mega-environments (ME1 and ME2) for rust severity in Ethiopia.

Ziziphus spina christi for Sustainable Agroforestry Farming in Arid Land of Khartoum State of Sudan

Mustafa Abdalla Nasre Aldin,Hussein Alawad Seid Ahmed,Mohamed El Mukhtar Ballal,Adil Mahgoub Farah 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2023 Journal of Forest Science Vol.39 No.1

Cow pea (Vigna unguiculata) was intercropped with Ziziphus spina-christi as summer forage in two consecutive seasons of 2017 and 2018. The aims to find out suitable agroforestry practice for saline soils of Khartoum State. And to investigate effect of tree spacing on forage biomass yield under semi -irrigated systems. Completely randomized block design with 3 replicates was conducted for this trial. Thus Z.spina-christi that fixed at 4×4 m was intercropped with cowpea at 1 m and 1.5 m spacing from trees trunk. Tree growth parameters were measured in terms of tree height, tree collar diameter, tree crown diameter and fruit yield per tree. While crop were parameters were determined in terms of plant height, number of plant, forage biomass yield per ha and land equivalent ratio. Soil profile of 1×1 m and 1.5 m depth was excavated and its features were described beside its chemical and physical properties were analyzed for 0-10 cm, 0-30 cm, and 30-60 cm and 60-100 cm layers. The results revealed that soil pH, CaCO3, SAR, ESP, and EC ds/m were increased by increasing soil depths. Meanwhile tree growth in terms of tree height was significant in the first season 2017 when compared with tree collar diameter and tree crown diameter. Also significant differences were recorded for tree growth when compared with sole trees in the second season in 2018. Tree fruit showed marked variations between the two seasons, but it was higher under intercropping particularly at ZS2. Crop plant height was highly significant under sole cropping than intercropping in first season in 2017. In contrast forage biomass yield was significant under intercropping in ZS1 and ZS2 treatments. Land equivalent ratio was advantageous under this agroforestry system particularly under ZS2. Thus it recorded 5 and 9 for ZS2 in the two consecutive seasons respectively. Therefore, it is feasible to introduce this agroforestry system under such arid lands to provide summer forage yield of highly nutritive value and low cost for animals feed as well as to increase farmers’ income and to halt desertification and to sequester carbon.

Molecular Diversity and Population Structure of the Ethiopian Lentil (Lens Culinaris Medikus) Genotype Assessment Using SSR Markers

Fikru Mekonnen,Firew Mekbib,Shiv Kumar,Seid Ahmed,TR Sharma 한국작물학회 2016 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.19 No.1

Knowledge of genetic diversity in germplasm is essential for formulating effective germplasm collection, conservation, utilization strategies in and crop improvement programs. It also provides an opportunity to take corrective steps infusing new genes to avoid risks associated with a narrow genetic bases. Genetic diversity analysis of 119 lentil genotypes of including 83 germplasm and 36 exotic genotypes from International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas was studied using 27 primers of simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker. Molecular analysis of variance showed variations of 82% within and 18% of the among population variance was explained. Degree of polymorphism observed among the populations was 100%. A total 122 alleles were detected, with 2 to 7 alleles per locus, with a mean of 4.52 alleles per locus. The estimated gene diversity value for 27 loci was 0.64. The average Shannon’s information index value of 1.19 was obtained showed the existence of high genetic variation within the genotypes. The genetic similarity indices ranged from 0.21 to 1.00. The SSR markers showed an average polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.58. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five major clusters as distinct genetic populations. Diversity analyses revealed the existence of a high level of genetic variation among genotypes. This molecular diversity information provides a basis for future germplasm collection, utilization, and conservation strategies in gene banks and introducing exotic germplasm to widen the genetic base of the current lentil breeding population.

Integrating genotype, fungicide, and spray schedule reduced gall (Physoderma) disease progression and enhanced grain yield in faba bean

Bitew Beyene,Fininsa Chemeda,Terefe Habtamu,Ahmed Seid 한국작물학회 2023 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.26 No.2

Faba bean is a cool season food legume crop. However, productivity of the crop is constrained by faba bean gall (FBG), which is an emerging disease that threatens faba bean production in Ethiopia. Field experiments were conducted on farmers’ fields to develop integrated management options that combine host resistance and fungicides to reduce FBG disease and minimize yield losses, and to determine fungicide spraying schedules in Bassona Worana district of Ethiopia, during 2018 and 2019. The treatments included three faba bean (Degaga, Gora, and local) genotypes, two fungicides, and two spray schedules, which were factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that integration of faba bean genotypes, fungicides, and spray schedules significantly (P < 0.001) reduced FBG disease progression and increased grain yield though genotypes showed variable disease reactions in both years. Gora sprayed with Bayleton at 10 days interval recorded low FBG disease progression (0.0125 and 0.0121 units day–1), severity (21.7 and 10%) and AUDPC (1866.7 and 751.7%-days), and high grain yield (3.7 and 5.0 t ha–1) in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Unsprayed plots of each genotype obtained high disease and low yield parameters in both years. However, high marginal rate of return was obtained from genotypes sprayed with Bayleton at 15 days interval in 2018 and 2019. Therefore, application of Bayleton at a rate of 0.7 kg ha−1 three-to-four sprays’ frequency with moderately tolerant faba bean variety can be recommended to manage FBG development and optimize grain yield in the study area.

Decades of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Breeding for Better Grain Yield and Seed Size has Inadvertently Reduced GxE Interaction and Increased Inter-Temporal Performance Stability

Tamene T. Tolessa,Gemechu Keneni,Hussein Mohammed,Seid K. Ahmed 한국작물학회 2019 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.22 No.3

Thirteen faba bean varieties including 11 released between 1977 and 2007 and two promising genotypes were evaluated at seven contrasting environments in the central and southeastern highlands of Ethiopia during the main cropping seasons of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. The objectives of the study were to evaluate temporal genetic progresses made over three decades of breeding in patterns of GxE interaction and performance stability of the varieties developed in due course for grain yield and seed size of faba bean. The study was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Regression coefficients (bi) of genotypes over years of release as a stability parameter showed a steadily but smoothly decreasing trend at the rate of 9.0x10-3 year-1, indicating that varietal performance stability increased with time. Trend analysis based on AMMI stability value (ASV), genotypic selection index (GSI), Shukla stability variance, and Kang’s rank sum (KRS) values of grain yield also revealed an increasing yield stability over the years of release. For seed size, GSI and KRS values decreased with time. The coefficient of variability (CV) for grain yield and seed size also tended to temporally decline while sustainability index (SuI) increased across the year of releases indicating that there was no performance stability sacrificed to achieve the greater yield potential with larger seed size. Therefore, this data support that selection of new genotypes that yield well at multiple environments, specifically genotypes with large seed size and resistance to disease as a method to increase performance stability.