Johannes Nathanael Lieberkühn (1711-1756): luminary eighteenth century anatomist and his illuminating discovery of intestinal glands

Sanjib Kumar Ghosh(Sanjib Kumar Ghosh ) 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.1

Johannes Nathanael Lieberkühn was a prodigious anatomist whose meticulous experiments and precise detailing helped in comprehending the microscopic anatomy of digestive system during early part of eighteenth century. Notably, his inventions in the field of microscopy aptly complemented his quest for anatomical knowledge at microscopic level. He designed a reflector (Lieberkühn reflector) which enhanced the amount of focussed light leading to bright illumination of tissue specimen. He invented the solar microscope which provided excellent resolution of minute anatomical details. Lieberkühn discovered the digestive juice secreting tubular glands (glands of Lieberkühn) present at the base of intestinal villi producing epithelial invaginations (crypts of Lieberkühn). He also described the intricate juxtaposition of blood vessels in relation to a single intestinal villi. Moreover, through empirically designed experimental set up, Lieberkühn was able to demonstrate the flow of lymph from intestinal villi to collecting lymphatic vessels. Also, his grandiose collection of laboratory specimens involving vascular anatomy are a testimony of his untiring efforts in academia. His contributions were seminal in comprehending the anatomy of digestive system and paved the way for future revelations. His work unveiled the enormous scope of microanatomy in medical science and catalysed the advent of histological staining methods a century later.

Raymond de Vieussens (1641-1715): connoisseur of cardiologic anatomy and pathological forms thereof

Sanjib Kumar Ghosh,Ananya Priya,Ravi Kant Narayan 대한해부학회 2021 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.54 No.4

Raymond de Vieussens was an exemplary anatomist who made seminal contributions in the field of cardiology. During initial part of his academic career, he adopted human dissection based experiments as medium of his research. This was in accordance with prevailing trend among anatomists during 17th century. He discovered the presence of tiny venous tributaries communicating between cardiac veins and chambers of heart (ducti carnosi/venae cordis minimae). He reported the existence of a collateral circulatory pathway between right and left coronary arterial systems (Vieussens arterial ring). He was the first to note the valve at the junction of great cardiac vein and coronary sinus (valve of Vieussens) and the prominent oval margin of the fossa ovalis (Vieussens Annulus). All his findings were associated with considerable clinical significance as evidenced in literature that followed. Vieussens accurately demonstrated the three-layered orientation of myocardium and gave a precise description of coronary arteries and their branches. At the onset of 18th century, buoyed by royal patronage from King Louis XIV of France, the second half of Vieussens illustrious career was defined by pathologic anatomy (autopsy based) and anatomo clinical correlations. This was a new trend initiated by Vieussens in anatomical research and was later adopted as a signature method by anatomists of 18th century. As a true connoisseur of cardiologic anatomy, Vieussens accurately charted the anatomo clinical correlations of cardiac tamponade, mitral stenosis and aortic regurgitation. His contributions were pivotal elements in metamorphosis of cardiology as a robust discipline of medicine in modern times.

Variations in the origin of middle hepatic artery: a cadaveric study and implications for living donor liver transplantation

Sanjib Kumar Ghosh 대한해부학회 2014 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.47 No.3

Living donor liver transplantation has been associated with severe vascular complications like hepatic artery thrombosis, which commonly involves the hepatic segment 4. Most authors have defined the artery to this segment as the middle hepatic artery. The present study was undertaken to characterize the origin of middle hepatic artery and classify the variations observed in cadaveric livers, and also to analyze the significance (if any) of the findings in relation to living donor liver transplantation. The study was conducted on 125 adult livers, without macroscopic abnormalities, retrieved from human cadavers (age, 55−78 years; male, 77; female, 48) obtained from clinical wards. The hepatic arterial system was exposed, the origin of the middle hepatic artery was identified in each liver specimen and the variations observed in its origin were noted across all the specimen. Six types of hepatic arterial configurations were observed based on variations in the origin of middle hepatic artery, taking into consideration the presence of accessory hepatic arteries. It was noted in 19 (15.2%) livers that in the presence of an accessory left hepatic artery, the middle hepatic artery arose as a sub-branch of the right hepatic artery. Presence of the above hepatic arterial configuration in the donor could possibly be associated with an increased risk of intra-operative injury to the middle hepatic artery during right/left lobe living donor liver transplantation and this may subsequently lead to serious post-operative vascular complications like hepatic artery thrombosis.

Camillo Golgi (1843-1926): scientist extraordinaire and pioneer figure of modern neurology

Sanjib Kumar Ghosh 대한해부학회 2020 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.53 No.4

Camillo Golgi was an extraordinary scientist whose contributions in the domain of neuroanatomy proved to be critical for emergence of neuroscience as a sovereign scientific discipline. Golgi’s invention of the Black Reaction (La reazione nera) was a watershed event as it allowed remarkable visualization of the organizational pattern of elements of nervous system among complex puzzle of close knit interconnections. Till this time thin filamentary extensions of neural cells (axon and dendrites) could not be visualized with available staining techniques because of their slender and transparent nature. However invention of Black Reaction and its subsequent application demystified the basic architecture of brain tissue which was now visible to the scholars in all its complexity in microscopic studies. Golgi is also credited with the discovery of two types of sensory receptors in muscle tendons: Golgi tendon organ and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles. Golgi was the first to be successful in staining myelin component of axon, which he used to discover the myelin annular apparatus. He identified the complete life cycle of Plasmodium (malarial parasite) in human erythrocytes. His research on histological details of human kidney highlighted the existence of juxtaglomerular apparatus. Later on Spanish scientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, based on the use of Golgi’s Staining (Black Reaction) documented the morphologic details of nervous system in a more refined manner, which eventually led to the emergence of Neuron Doctrine. In recognition of their exemplary contributions in neuroscience Golgi and Cajal were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1906.

The rich heritage of anatomical texts during Renaissance and thereafter: a lead up to Henry Gray’s masterpiece

Sanjib Kumar Ghosh,Ashutosh Kumar 대한해부학회 2019 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.52 No.4

The practice of modern human anatomy was started by Vesalius in sixteenth century Europe during the Renaissance. His exploits are documented in his legendary anatomical text De humani corporis fabrica. Remarkable success of De humani encouraged noted anatomists to publish their own texts over the years. Such a cascading effect started an ongoing process of refining the text based presentation of anatomical details that eventually led to the emanation of Gray’s Anatomy, the masterpiece from Henry Gray. In this review article we have tried to revisit the journey from De humani to Gray’s Anatomy and have also highlighted on other anatomical texts that form important landmarks in this journey. The article attempts to focus on the rectification of Galenic errors, description of new discoveries in human anatomy, introduction of the concept of clinical anatomy, emergence of surgical anatomy and the advent of sectional anatomy. The article also put emphasis on the efforts to make anatomical illustrations used in texts more scientific and in tune with the printed matter. We noted with interest that luminary anatomists over the years have contributed in their own individual manner towards the development of text based anatomy and from cumulative perspective their visionary efforts have shaped the outlook of anatomical texts in present times.

Human cadaveric dissection: a historical account from ancient Greece to the modern era

Sanjib Kumar Ghosh 대한해부학회 2015 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.48 No.3

The review article attempts to focus on the practice of human cadaveric dissection during its inception in ancient Greece in 3rd century BC, revival in medieval Italy at the beginning of 14th century and subsequent evolution in Europe and the United States of America over the centuries. The article highlights on the gradual change in attitude of religious authorities towards human dissection, the shift in the practice of human dissection being performed by barber surgeons to the anatomist himself dissecting the human body and the enactment of prominent legislations which proved to be crucial milestones during the course of the history of human cadaveric dissection. It particularly emphasizes on the different means of procuring human bodies which changed over the centuries in accordance with the increasing demand due to the rise in popularity of human dissection as a tool for teaching anatomy. Finally, it documents the rise of body donation programs as the source of human cadavers for anatomical dissection from the second half of the 20th century. Presently innovative measures are being introduced within the body donation programs by medical schools across the world to sensitize medical students such that they maintain a respectful, compassionate and empathetic attitude towards the human cadaver while dissecting the same. Human dissection is indispensable for a sound knowledge in anatomy which can ensure safe as well as efficient clinical practice and the human dissection lab could possibly be the ideal place to cultivate humanistic qualities among future physicians in the 21st century.

Prevalence and clinical relevance of the anatomical variations of suprarenal arteries: a review

Ananya Priya(Ananya Priya ),Ravi Kant Narayan(Ravi Kant Narayan ),Sanjib Kumar Ghosh(Sanjib Kumar Ghosh ) 대한해부학회 2022 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.55 No.4

A hybrid setup for fundamental unknowns in neutrino oscillations using T2HK (ν) and μ-DAR ν ¯ $$ \left(\overline{\nu}\right) $$

Agarwalla, Sanjib Kumar,Ghosh, Monojit,Raut, Sushant K. Institute of Physics Pub 2017 The journal of high energy physics Vol.2017 No.5

Synonymous Codon Usage Analysis of the Mycobacteriophage Bxz1 and Its Plating Bacteria M. smegmatis: Identification of Highly and Lowly Expressed Genes of Bxz1 and the Possible Function of Its tRNA Species

( Keya Sahu ),( Sanjib Kumar Gupta ),( Tapash Chandra Ghosh ),( Subrata Sau ) 생화학분자생물학회 2004 BMB Reports Vol.37 No.4

The extent of codon usage in the protein coding genes of the mycobacteriophage, Bxzl, and its plating bacteria, M. smegmatis, were determined, and it was observed that the codons ending with either G and / or C were predominant in both the organisms. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that in both organisms, the genes were separated along the first major explanatory axis according to their expression levels and their genomic GC content at the synonymous third positions of the codons. The second major explanatory axis differentiates the genes according to their genome type. A comparison of the relative synonymous codon usage between 20 highly- and 20 lowly expressed genes from Bxzl identified 21 codons, which are statistically over represented in the former group of genes. Further analysis found that the Bxzl- specific tRNA species could recognize 13 out of the 21 over represented synonymous codons, which incorporated 13 amino acid residues preferentially into the highly expressed proteins of Bxzl. In contrast, seven amino acid residues were preferentially incorporated into the lowly expressed proteins by 10 other tRNA species of Bxzl. This analysis predicts for the first time that the Bxzl-specific tRNA species modulates the optimal expression of its proteins during development.

Studies on Synonymous Codon and Amino Acid Usage Biases in the Broad-Host Range Bacteriophage KVP40

Keya Sau,Sanjib Kumar Gupta,Subrata Sau,Subhas Chandra Mandal,Tapash Chandra Ghosh 한국미생물학회 2007 The journal of microbiology Vol.45 No.1

In this study, the relative synonymous codon and amino acid usage biases of the broad-host range phage, KVP40, were investigated in an attempt to understand the structure and function of its proteins/proteincoding genes, as well as the role of its tRNAs. Synonymous codons in KVP40 were determined to be ATrich at the third codon positions, and their variations are dictated principally by both mutational bias and translational selection. Further analysis revealed that the RSCU of KVP40 is distinct from that of its Vibrio hosts, V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. Interestingly, the expression of the putative highly expressed genes of KVP40 appear to be preferentially influenced by the abundant host tRNA species, whereas the tRNAs expressed by KVP40 may be required for the efficient synthesis of all its proteins in a diverse array of hosts. The data generated in this study also revealed that KVP40 proteins are rich in low molecular weight amino acid residues, and that these variations are influenced primarily by hydropathy, mean molecular weight, aromaticity, and cysteine content.