Essays on the economics of university patenting and licensing

Sampat, Bhavan Niru Columbia University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

For more than a century, both the rate and direction of technological change in American industry have depended on the scientific and technological research conducted in the nation's universities. Despite this long history, recent developments in university-industry research relationships—in particular the growth of patenting and licensing by universities over the past two decades—have attracted considerable attention from economists, and are regarded by many as major changes to the American system of innovation. These essays explore the economic causes and consequences of the recent rise in patenting and licensing by American research universities, and consider various econometric issues that arise in attempting to assess the social welfare implications of these changes. Chapters Two and Three are historical, and provide a light on what has changed about universities, and what has not changed, over the past two decades. They histories show that universities have, throughout their history, done research of interest to industry. However, their attitudes towards patents has changed. For most of the century, universities feared involvement in patents; today this fear has been replaced by enthusiasm. This change in attitudes suggests that recent concerns about the determintal social welfare effects of increased university involvement in patenting and licensing should be taken seriously. Chapter Four examines econometric issues that arise in using patent citation data to assess whether the growth of university involvement in patenting and licensing has been accompanied by a shift to applied research. It shows that recent work suggesting that there may indeed have been such a shift is not robust to using a longer stream of citation data. This has implications not only for thinking about the social welfare implications of increased university patenting and licensing, but also for thinking about patent citations as economic indicators. Chapter Five examines the economic meaning of patent citations, using data on citations and license outcomes and revenues from two major universities. In particular, it examines whether citations can predict various measures of the value of university technologies. The results shows that citations are a good measure of the value of university patents, at least in an expected value sense.

The effects of perceived peer and parent closeness on problem trajectories in affluent adolescents

Sampat, Aparna Columbia University 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

The objective of this study was to explore the influence of perceived peer and parent closeness as predictors of trajectories of externalizing and internalizing problems in high-school-aged upper middle class adolescents. A predominantly white, high-income suburban sample of adolescents participated in this 3 year longitudinal study (N=285 students). The study began when the adolescents were in the 10th grade (M age = 15.9). Initial analyses consisted of utilizing hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) in order to investigate the trajectories of externalizing and internalizing problems, separately by gender. HLM was further used to investigate the impact of perceived parent and peer closeness, as measured in Grade 10, on the initial level and rate of change of adolescents' externalizing and internalizing problems, as well as to investigate individual variation in the trajectories of change in these domains. Finally, an interaction effect between parent closeness and peer closeness was explored. Each of these analyses was carried out separately by parent and adolescent gender. Results revealed that trajectories of externalizing and internalizing problems in this sub-sample of youth did not follow the normative developmental path. Specifically, in this group of affluent youth, externalizing problems increased from 10th to 12th grades and internalizing problems remained unchanged over the three years. When investigating the role of peer and parent closeness as predictors of problem trajectories, results revealed that, while level of closeness to mother was associated with initial levels of internalizing and externalizing problems for boys and girls, it was not associated with rate of change for these indicators of maladjustment. Gender differences emerged when investigating the role of perceived closeness to father and peers, with both variables predicting the trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems for girls, but not for boys. These results suggest that while girls might be affected by their relationship with fathers and friends, boys' rate of change in these problem domains is not influenced by their perceived closeness to their parents or peers. The results are discussed through a contextual and cultural lens as findings contrast from the normative developmental literature. Additionally, limitations of this study and implications for future research are discussed.

Optimization Formulations for Multi-Product Networks

Sampat, Apoorva M ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The University of 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

Multi-product network models are routinely used to evaluate the economic and environmental performance of infrastructure networks such as electricity and biomass supply chains. Several models in the literature deal with different types of systems, constraints, and study areas. Unfortunately, these models are usually developed on a case-by-case basis. This lack of coherence limits systematic comparisons (benchmarks), collaboration and sharing of data sets, analysis of solution properties, and development of software implementations. Our work provides a coherent way to model multi-product networks. The key research accomplishment of this work is the development of multi-product network models that aid decision-making. When multiple stakeholders are involved, the final solution is often derived by qualitative discussions. This work provides quantitative tools to drive those decisions and achieve an optimal compromise solution. From a modeling perspective, this work has developed mathematical frameworks to: (i) model supply chains in a coherent manner, (ii) derive economic interpretations of supply chains, and (iii) allocate resources amongst multiple stakeholders in a fair manner.We apply these modeling frameworks to a case study for organic waste management in the Upper Yahara watershed region in the state of Wisconsin, U.S. Excessive amounts of phosphorus have accumulated in this area, primarily due to livestock manure and the heavy use of agricultural fertilizers. Rain and snow melt often wash these nutrients into waterways, which lead to the blue-green algae blooms in the Yahara lakes. Our modeling abstraction captures the complex product dependencies in this setting and provides insights into policy decisions that can drive waste processing and reduce phosphorus runoff.

Screening combinatorial peptide libraries in complex mixtures for applications in therapeutic delivery and molecular diagnostics

Hall, Sejal Sampat University of California, Santa Barbara 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

Display technologies are powerful tools to isolate peptide reagents for applications ranging from protein separations to diagnostics. Screening methods have focused on achieving the desired affinity rather than specificity, which can be even more important since many of the engineered peptides must be functional in complex mixtures such as serum. High specificity is therefore crucial to eliminate undesired interactions especially for therapeutic targeting and diagnostic applications. Phage display is the most widely used display technology, but bacterial display may hold advantages including ease of use and quantitative screening via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). For the work presented here, bacterial display libraries were quantitatively screened in complex mixtures to achieve the desired specificity for the intended applications and to explore its advantages for applications in which phage display has traditionally been used. An auto-fluorescent bacterial display peptide library was used to isolate red blood cell (RBC) binding ligands which were used to attach nanoparticles to the RBC surface to develop novel long circulating drug delivery vehicles. Bacterial display was also employed to isolate tissue targeting ligands in vivo. Finally, multi-color FACS was used to quantitatively isolate highly-specific peptides and further optimize their specificity for a target antibody present at a 10,000--100,000 fold dilution in serum IgG. The method was employed to screen serum antibodies of patients with Celiac Disease to identify potential biomarker candidates. The method developed here enables quantitative screening and evolution of specificity, enhancing the current repertoire of screening methods available in protein engineering.