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Emission Characteristics of PCDDs/PCDFs from Nonferrous Metal Foundy
Sam-Cwan Kim,Sung-Hum Choe,Jung-Hee Lee,Seung-Ryul Hwang,Chang-Han Joo,Dong-Ho Moon,Jae-Cheon You,Eul-Kyu Jung,Chang-jae Lee,Kyung-Sik Choi 한국환경분석학회 2005 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.8 No.3
Three lead-smelting furnaces, one of which was primary and two of which were secondary, and two zincmelting furnaces, one was primary and the other was secondary, were selected from five plants in nonferrous metal foundries. PCDDs/PCDFs samplings were achieved two times at the stacks of each furnace to investigate emission characteristics of PCDDs/PCDFs from both primary and secondary smelting processes of lead and zinc. From a total of ten measurements, PCDDs/PCDFs emission levels averaged 0.074 ng-TEQ/Sm3 and 0.022 ng-TEQ/Sm3 in lead- and zinc-smelting processes, respectively. Secondary smelting furnaces emitted about three to five times higher levels of PCDDs/PCDFs than primary smelting furnace. PCDFs showed approximately 1.5 to 3 times higher concentrations than PCDDs, revealing that the ratios of PCDDs to PCDFs averaged 40:60 and 23:77 in lead- and zinc-smelting processes, respectively. The main contributor to total TEQs was 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, and its TEQ values were in the range of 32% to 37% of total TEQs.
Correlation among Residual PCDDs/PCDFs, Co-planar PCBs, and HCB in Ambient Air
( Sam Cwan Kim ),( Jae Cheon You ),( Sang Won Lee ),( Dong Seog Shin ),( Jong Woo Choi ),( Kum Hee Kim ),( Won Seok Lee ),( Geum Ju Song ) 한국환경분석학회 2009 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.12 No.4
A total of 35 ambient-air monitoring sites were selected in residential, industrial, commercial, urban, and rural areas. A total of 1,132 data for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and co-planar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs) have been measured since 1999 and 2002, respectively. The result was used for this correlation study. A fairly good correlation of R2=0.7222 was observed between the TEQ values of PCDDs/PCDFs and co-planar PCBs, but there were poor correlations of R2=0.0655~0.1644 between the residual PCDDs/PCDFs or co-planar PCBs and HCB, either TEQ or total values. Major reasons for little correlations between them can be explained as followings: 1) HCB` three orders higher detection limit, principally caused by low-resolution work of mass spectrometry, than PCDDs/PCDFs and co-planar PCBs, 2) HCB`s less adsorption onto polyurethane foams (PUFs) due to breakthrough influenced by ambient-air temperature, and 3) area-specific characteristics of unintentionally-produced persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs) due to source-specific emission characteristics. Consequently, analysis of ambient HCB, in which gaseous HCB was sampled with only PUPs and determined by low-resolution work of mass spectrometry, might not be a useful approach to prediction of the levels of PCDDs/PCDFs and co-planar PCBs.
Sam Cwan Kim,Kum Hee Kim,Seung Ryul Hwang,Jong Woo Choi,Geum Ju Song 한국환경분석학회 2009 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.12 No.3
A total of 8 stationary emission sources, including incineration plants and sintering and smelting furnaces in ferrous and non-ferrous metal industry were selected to evaluate the levels of unintentionally-produced persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs) emission. Using the same sampling method for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDDs/PCDFs), gas samples were collected and UPOPs were separated from the gas samples and quantified. UPOPs concentration of gas emitted from sintering furnaces in ferrous metal industry was the highest among the investigated emission sources. PCDDs/PCDFs and co-planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as a whole were estimated to be about 9% and 7% of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) concentration, respectively. Good correlations of R2=0.89 to 0.93 were observed among PCDDs/PCDFs (ng/Nm3 and ng-TEQ/Nm3), co-planar PCBs (ng/Nm3 and ng World Health Organization-TEQ/Nm3) and HCB (ng/Nm3). HCB, which can be more simply measured by a gas chromatograph than PCDDs/PCDFs or co-planar PCBs, could be used as an indicator for the emission level of PCDDs/PCDFs and co-planar PCBs.
熱分解에 依한 可懶性廢棄物의 處理및 資源回收에 關한 硏究
金三權(Sam Cwan Kim),鄭文植(Moon Shik Zong) 한국환경보건학회 1987 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.13 No.1
As a result of technical advances and industrialization, the characteristics of domestic and industrial wastes are becoming more complex. Accordingly, improved treatment and disposal systems are being continuously sought to take account of complex characteristics and to comply with economic restrictions. In this study, an application of pyrolysis to the treatment of industrial wastes, inc1uding waste scrap rubber, waste raw material used in making the slipper bottom and waste PVC pipe, and the effectivoeness of pyrolysis in resource recovery from these wastes were investigated. Batches of wastes were pyrolysed by external heating to a tempcrature of 400-800oC in a 32 mm diameter x 0.9 m long silica tube to produce combustible gases, oils and chars. Before the start of pyrolysis runs, the entire system was purged with nitrogen gas to exc1ude the air. The temperature inside the retort was controlled by the thermocouple in the gas stream, and referred to as the pyrolysis temperature. Under these conditions three products were separately collected and further analyzed. The results were summarized as follows. 1. More gases and less chars were produccd with highcr pyrolyzing tcmpcraturc and with higher rates of heating, but the yields of oils tended downwards at tcmpcratures abovc 7000 C. Accordingly, operating conditions of pyrolysis should be varied with desired material. 2. Calorific values and sulfur contcnts of produced oiJs were sufficicnt anc1 suitablc for fuel use. Chars from waste rubber had high heating values with low sulfur contents, but calorific values of chars from waste PVC and waste slipper were as low as 3,065-4,273 kcalfkg and 942-2 ,545 kcalfkg, respectively. Therefore, char from these wastes are inappropriate for fuel. 3. Soluble contents of Pb, Cd , C11 and Zn in chars from waste rubber and waste slipper were below the Specific Hazardous Waste Treatment Standards. However soluble contents of pb alld Cd in chars from waste PVC were one or two times and five or seven times exceedingly the Specific Hazardous Waste Treatment Standards, respectively. 4. Post high heating is desirab le for treatment method of waste PVC which generates toxic hydrogen chloride. 5. The proportions of hydrogen, methalle and ethane in produced gases were in the range of 3.99-35.61% VjV, 18 .22-32.50% VfVand 5.1 7-5.87% VjV, respectively. 6. Pyrolysis is a useful disposal method in case of waste slipper, which was hardly combustible, and thus investigations of this kind of materials are required for effective management of industrial waste. 7. Based upon the possible market development for products, overall pyrol) 、economics to take account of treatment values of noncombustible or hazardous materials should be evaluated.