Socially mediated conversations and health decisions

Robbins, Rebecca Scott Cornell University 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Conversation and other social interactions pattern our waking lives. Research and personal experience tells us that these interactions offer numerous benefits that include social support and our ability to regulate and make sense of our emotions (Burleson & Goldsmith, 1998; Burnard, 2003; Cohen, 2004; Duck, Rutt, Hoy, & Strejc, 1991). Conversation is also consequential for what we believe and how we behave with respect to our personal health behaviors and lifestyle in general (Southwell & Yzer, 2007; van den Putte, Yzer, Southwell, de Bruijn, & Willemsen, 2011). Two streams of research have emerged examining how conversation about health matters for what we believe and how we behave. One strand of research has examined how individuals discuss health messages they receive from the media in such campaign contexts as smoking cessation (Dunlop, Wakefield, & Kashima, 2008b; Hafstad, Aaro, & Langmark, 1996), family planning (Boulay, Storey, & Sood, 2002; Frank et al., 2012; Rutenberg & Watkins, 1997), and drug avoidance (David, Cappella, & Fishbein, 2006). Another strand of research has examined casual, everyday conversations and how these discussions relate to beliefs about the health topics discussed (Ferrara, Kopfman, Hall, Navon, & Septor, 2011; Miller-Day & Kam, 2010). Despite growing interest in these areas of health and conversation, research on post-campaign discussion has been largely observational, and measures of health-related conversation have been simplistic. This dissertation addresses these gaps with two studies. I begin with a review of literature relevant to both studies in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 describes results from a 2-phase study that employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to understand how different types of post-health campaign message conversation shapes intentions to engage in healthy sleep behavior. Chapter 3 describes results from a secondary analysis, using the same dataset as Chapter 2, to explore everyday conversations about sleep and their connections to beliefs about the challenges and benefits of healthy sleep. This dissertation draws on the Integrated Model of Behavioral Prediction (IMBP; Fishbein & Azjen, 2009) to understand connections between campaign generated or everyday conversation and beliefs about the topic of sleep. This dissertation also focuses on sleep among college students as its behavioral context. With ample evidence that sleep is dramatically reduced and more erratic in college (Maas, Robbins, Fortgang, & Driscoll, 2011; Robbins & Niederdeppe, 2014), designing interventions to promote this health protective behavior may do service to promoting health at this important developmental stage. Overall, findings from this dissertation indicate that the valence and topic of sleeprelated conversation, both after media exposure and more generally, are related to beliefs and intentions to engage in healthy sleep behavior. Chapter 2 reveals that positivelyvalenced conversations about a sleep promotion message led to greater intentions to engage in healthy sleep behavior than did negatively-valenced conversations. Chapter 3 reveals that the topic of sleep comes up frequently in everyday discussions and that talking about unhealthy topics may be undesirable for future good health decision-making. In an age where health promotion efforts are increasingly delivered and disseminated in online media environments like Facebook and Twitter, exploring how messages and information are socially-shared holds promise for advancing population health in an increasingly information-rich environment.

Extensible multimodal environment toolkit (EMMET): A toolkit for prototyping and remotely testing speech and gesture based multimodal interfaces

Robbins, Christopher A New York University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Ongoing improvements to the performance and accessibility of less conventional input modalities such as speech and gesture recognition now provide new dimensions for interface designers to explore. Yet there is a scarcity of commercial applications which utilize these modalities either independently or multimodally. This scarcity partially results from a lack of development tools and design guidelines to facilitate the use of speech and gesture. An integral aspect of the user interface design process is the ability to easily evaluate various design solutions through an iterative process of prototyping and testing. Through this process guidelines emerge that aid in the design of future interfaces. Today there is no shortage of tools supporting the development of conventional interfaces. However, there do not exist resources allowing interface designers to easily prototype and quickly test interface designs utilizing speech and gesture. The thesis work for this dissertation explores the development of an Extensible MultiModal Environment Toolkit (EMMET) for prototyping and remotely testing speech and gesture based multimodal interfaces to three-dimensional environments. The overarching goals for this toolkit are to allow its users to: (1) explore speech and gesture based interface design without requiring an understanding of the details involved in the low-level implementation of speech or gesture recognition, (2) quickly distribute their multimodal interface prototypes via the Web, and (3) receive multimodal usage statistics collected remotely after each use of their application. EMMET ultimately contributes to the field of multimodal user interface design by providing an environment to existing user interface developers in which speech and gesture recognition have been seamlessly integrated into their palette of user input options. Such seamless integration serves to increase the utilization within applications of speech and gesture modalities by removing any actual or perceived deterrents to the use of these modalities versus the use of conventional modalities. EMMET additionally strives to improve the quality of speech and gesture based interfaces by supporting the prototype-and-test development cycle through its web distribution and usage statistics collection capabilities. These capabilities also allow developers to realize new design guidelines specific to the use of speech and gesture.

Expecting the best or settling for less: Examining philosophies and expectations of wheelchair and stand-up basketball coaches

Robbins, Jamie E Michigan State University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of the study was to identify factors that influenced the philosophies and expectations of wheelchair and stand-up basketball coaches, and to detect similarities and differences between the two groups of coaches. The original research questions that focused primarily on differences amongst wheelchair coaches were refrained to focus more on comparisons between the wheelchair and stand-up coaches and the influence of sport ethic or disability stereotypes on thoughts of the coaches. The researcher used qualitative measures to study 22 wheelchair and 21 stand-up basketball coaches who represented youth, adult club, and college teams. Coaches took part in an interview, which was transcribed and analyzed using qualitative methods. Coaches also completed a written questionnaire, which was returned by 17 out of the 21 stand-up coaches and 18 out of the 22 wheelchair coaches. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and differences between the coaches were identified based on the results of t-tests. The results are characterized by five general themes labeled: (a) coaches' philosophies about coaching, athletes, sport, and injured athletes; (b) coaches' expectations for themselves and their athletes; (c) coaches' perspectives about people and challenges in basketball; (d) coaches' backgrounds, experiences, education, and reasons for coaching; and (e) coaches' disability awareness. The wheelchair and stand-up coaches' philosophies concerning behaviors, priorities, on-court, benefits and lessons, and injury were very similar. The most significant differences concerned stand-up coaches' focus on performance versus wheelchair coaches' focus on the person. Both wheelchair and stand-up basketball coaches held similar expectations for their athletes. They expected hard-working, team focused, and committed athletes. An underlying difference between the coaches suggests that wheelchair coaches tend to push to the limits of athletes' goals, while stand-up coaches keep pushing until their own expectations are satisfied. Coaches' perspectives differed, as wheelchair and stand-up coaches view the sport through different lenses. Wheelchair coaches reported numerous challenges, yet the majority of their comments focused on the positive aspects of their sport and those involved. Stand-up coaches, even though they reported fewer challenges than wheelchair coaches, focused more on the negative aspects of their sport and athletes. The coaches also differed in their background experiences, as wheelchair coaches had more variety than the stand-up coaches in their experiences, how they began coaching, and their education. The last theme, disability awareness, suggests that coaches' exposure to people with disabilities did not influence their coaching philosophies and expectations. Coaches with and without exposure to people with disabilities prior to coaching had similar philosophies and expectations for their athletes. Results suggest that all wheelchair and stand-up coaches are more similar than different, and the sport ethic is more influential than disability stereotypes when wheelchair basketball coaches develop their philosophies and expectations for and about their athletes' abilities. According to the coaches in this study, the basketball court is a place where people with disabilities are treated the same as people without disabilities and disability status is not the focus.

Effects of setting timed practice aims on problem solving

Robbins, Joanne Kay University of Illinois at Chicago 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

This study examined how timed practice requirements affect children's performance on a problem solving task. Matched-pairs of elementary and middle school students practiced solving problems using Boolean logic rules. The Experimental Group subjects were encouraged to perform faster during acquisition of this problem solving task. Those in the Control Group were not given timed practice aims. The experiment controlled for number of practice trials, feedback, and rate of feedback. Experimental Group subjects were tested upon meeting the accuracy criterion. Control Group subjects were tested upon meeting the accuracy criterion or accuracy plus number of trials criteria. Immediate posttests included two types of problems. One type was similar to the problems presented during the acquisition phase of the experiment, and the other type was more complex than those presented during practice sessions. Delayed posttests were also administered after at least 30 days of no practice. No significant differences were found on immediate posttest performance between Experimental and Control Groups for either problem type. However, the Experimental Group subjects performed significantly better on the more complex task after the period of no practice.

Single mothers : the impact of work on home and the impact of home on work

Robbins, Lenore I. Rasmussen 1993 국내박사

Technology subcultures and indicators asssociated with high technology performance in schools

Robbins, Nancy Irene Martin Columbia University Teachers College 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the relative integration of Instructional Technology Departments and Information Services Departments was associated with indicators associated with high technology performance in school districts. Four research questions provided the structure for the data collection and analysis. Various methods of data collection were used to provide a completeness of data as well as a cross-check of information to minimize researcher bias. Five different instruments were used to answer the research questions. The first instrument, a survey, was used to identify demographics of the population and to measure the power and interaction of the Information Services managers and Instructional Technology coordinators. The second instrument, critical incidents, was used as a means of determining the understandings, or cultures, present within each subculture. The third instrument, interviews, validated whether or not a cultural gap existed between the Information Services and Instructional Technology Departments within a school district. The fourth instrument, the technology profile tool, was scored by key district personnel. The fifth instrument, participant observation, was used to provide knowledgeable portrayal of information. An association, not causality, between the relative integration of Instructional Technology Departments and Information Services Departments with indicators associated with high technology performance in school districts was identified. The areas of findings that determined the association are: (1) factors used to determine cultural integration between the two subcultures, information Services and Instructional Technology; (2) types of conflicts and resolutions between Information Services and Instructional Technology; and (3) the indicators of high technology performance in schools. The results would indicate that the implication for practice is to gain a greater cultural understanding of the Information Services and/or Instructional Technology departments in school districts. Not indicating causality between the two, the findings also show how a school district might wish to raise the indicators associated with technology performance in schools. A replication of any or all of the study could be done by individual districts.

Evaluating the Impact of a Cross-group Friendship Intervention on Early Adolescents

Robbins, Rupa Mahajan ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

The rapidly changing ethnic composition of the United States has resulted in a heightened need to create inclusive environments within schools. Research suggests that intergroup contact, specifically cross-group friendships, can positively impac.

GEOGRAPHIC AND RACIAL VARIATION IN CANCER INCIDENCE AND SURVIVAL (BREAST CANCER, PROSTATE CANCER, EPIDEMIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS, HEALTH CARE)

ROBBINS, ANTHONY SHAWN STANFORD UNIVERSITY 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

<italic>Background</italic>. A 1994 report found that white women in the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA) had the highest breast cancer incidence rate in the world. Also, it has been consistently found that black men with prostate cancer have poorer survival than white men, even when diagnosed at the same age and stage. <italic>Methods</italic>. Breast cancer incidence rates among SFBA women were compared with those in other regions of the US, after adjusting for regional differences in breast cancer risk factors. Racial survival differences in prostate cancer were examined for SFBA men who were and were not members of Kaiser Permanente, a large health maintenance organization. Measures of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) were examined to assess their role in racial survival differences among Bay Area men with prostate cancer. <italic>Results</italic>. During 1978–1982, the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) for breast cancer, comparing women in the SFBA with those in seven other regions of the US, was 1.14 for white women and 1.10 for black women. After adjusting for regional differences in reproductive factors and alcohol use, these RRs were reduced to unity (or lower) for white and black women. For SFBA men diagnosed with prostate cancer during 1973–1995, the death rate ratio (DRR) comparing black men with white men, adjusted for age and stage, was 1.28 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–1.44) among Kaiser members and 1.22 (95% CI 1.14–1.30) among nonmembers. For SFBA men diagnosed during 1973–1993, the DRR for death from prostate cancer, after adjusting for age, stage, and census-based measures of neighborhood SES, was 1.41 (95% CI 1.15–1.72) among younger men and 1.20 (95% CI 1.07–1.35) among older men. <italic>Conclusions</italic>. These data suggest that the higher incidence of breast cancer in the SFBA is explained by regional differences in known risk factors. The data also suggest that among men with prostate cancer, the poorer survival in black men is not solely due to racial differences in access to health care, and that racial differences in SES do not explain why black men die of this condition at a higher rate than whites.

The problem of philosophical theology (Emmanuel Levinas)

Robbins, Jeffrey Walter Syracuse University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Redefining ontotheology is the main objective of this dissertation. This objective is accomplished by examining twentieth century philosophical and theological thought, specifically with regard to the problem of philosophical theology. What this problem reveals is that both contemporary philosophy and contemporary theology have been driven by a desire to overcome ontotheology, when, in fact, as the contemporary history of the problem of philosophical theology consistently demonstrates, ontotheology is the constitutive origin and legacy of Western thought. From this respect, ontotheology is not a problem to be overcome, but rather the inevitable, if not necessary, condition of thought. This understanding poses yet another problem, however, which is simultaneously the central irony and chief responsibility of this work as a whole—namely, if the strategy of overcoming is a problem where ontotheology is concerned, then how is it possible to overcome overcoming without falling into the same preestablished patterns of thought which themselves were fundamentally problematic? The answer, as suggested by the work of the Emmanuel Levinas and as explored in the final chapter of this dissertation, is the development of a strategy of thought that is “otherwise than overcoming,” one that might recognize in the ontotheological condition the necessary site of the ethical relation. This recognition is an affirmation of responsibility. But not only a responsibility for those actions and thoughts of which one is conscious, but even more, an infinite responsibility that exceeds intentionality altogether, a realization that one is responsible for the other, and by extension, that one path of thought, whether philosophical or theological in nature, is complicit in, and stands in a necessary relationship to, the other. Thus, the recognition of the ontotheological condition of thought points <italic>beyond </italic> the problem of philosophical theology to the very conditions of its possibility. As a result, philosophical theology might redirect its attention away from questions of its own nature and possibility and towards its more urgent task of a meaningful engagement with, and critical analysis of, the world.

The Foundations of Education: Charity and the Educational Revolution in Tudor and Stuart England, 1560--1640

Robbins, Laurence Howard Northwestern University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation explores the impact of charity on the expansion of higher education in England between 1560 and 1640. The expansion, which historians have dubbed the "Educational Revolution," included students from all social backgrounds save the lowest levels of society. In large part, this expansion was only possible through the creation of charitable benefactions such as fellowships, scholarships, and exhibitions that supported scholars with limited financial resources. Historians have described this phenomenon as evidence of a modernizing and secularizing society that sought to create pathways for the best and brightest to move up in the world. Through exploring the creation and governance of educational foundations, however, this dissertation shows that ideas regarding the giving and administering of charity had greater influence over the expansion of education than did any modernizing tendencies in English society. Charitable endowments for poor scholars offered manifold benefits that had little to do with outcomes offered by scholars. The advancement of bright scholars was only one small element of the educational revolution. Educational foundations operated as tools with which benefactors and administrators constructed and reinforced their own positions as leaders of society. Benefactors created charitable foundations in order to repay social and economic debts accrued throughout their lifetimes, and administrators governed those foundations in ways that reinforced their rights and privileges to exercise power.