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        Costume evolution during the development of romantic relationships and its impact on the positions of power in the Star Wars prequel and original trilogies

        Mary C. King,Jessica L. Ridgway 한국의류학회 2019 Fashion and Textiles Vol.6 No.1

        This study explored the costume evolution of the Star Wars film characters Padme Amidala and Leia Organa as romantic relationships were introduced and progressed and how this impacted their positions of power. The study aimed to investigate how female characters have their position of power minimized through the use of costume as their involvement in romantic relationships evolves throughout the films. Objectification theory was used as a theoretical framework under which the study was carried out. The researchers utilized a qualitative content analysis of the audio and visual content of the first six Star Wars films. The results indicated that both characters were objectified through costume. Before romantic relationships were introduced, both women were acknowledged for their positions of power which were emphasized by their costumes. It was observed that as both women progressed in their romantic relationships, their perceived power decreased, and an increase of objectification through greater skin exposure occurred.

      • Analysis of DNA Sequences Required for Pituitary-Specific Expression of the Glycoprotein Hormone α-Subunit Gene

        Schoderbek, William E.,Kim, Kyoon E.,Ridgway, E. Chester,Mellon, Pamela L.,Maurer, Richard A. 충남대학교 생물공학연구소 1993 생물공학연구지 Vol.3 No.-

        Transient transfection studies have been used to determine the DNA sequences of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit gene that are required for tissuespecific expression. In the initial phase of these studies, a variant mouse α gene was identified which contains a fully palindromic cAMP response element (CRE). The corresponding region of a previously cloned and sequenced mouse α gene contains a single point mutation that disrupts the symmetrical nature of this element. DNase footprint studies demonstrate that the fully palindromic CRE binds the CRE-binding protein with much higher affinity than the imperfect palindrome. Thansfection experiments using both mouse α gene variants demonstrate differences in basal and cAMP-induced expression. Studies of the cAMP response of the human α gene indicated that this gene contains sequences other than the known CRE that are sufficient to permit a transcriptional response to cAMP in both placental and pituitary cells. Expression of human and mouse α-subunit genes has been examined in cells of the gonadotrope, thyrotrop, and trophoblast lineages to identify DNA sequences that mediate selective transcription of the α gene in these cells. The results demonstrate that sequences between about -500 and -200 are important for expression in the pituitary, but not the placenta. Clustered point mutations were used to further characterize sequences required for expression in the pituitary. Two regions, one at positions -445 to -438 and one at positions -337 to -330, were required for expression in cells of the gonadotrope lineage. One of these regions, at -337 to -330, is also important for expression in thyrotropes. When linked to a minimal promoter, multiple copies of the -344 to -300 region had transcriptional enhancer activity in gonadotropes and thyrotropes, but not in several other cell types. These results are consistent with a model involving different combinations of regulatory elements that determine cell-specific α expression in gonadotropes and thyrotropes. (Molecular Endocrinology 6:893-903, 1992)

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