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Efficient Consumer Altruism and Fair Trade Products
David Reinstein,Joon Song 한국계량경제학회 2009 한국계량경제학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.2
Yearly sales of “fair trade” products exceeds $2.3 billion worldwide. Consumers who are altruistic and rational will choose these product-donation bundles when the bundle is cheaper than its elements. Assume a supplier’s investment reduces retailers’ costs (or improves quality), but this investment is non-verifiable, hence sub-optimal even with infinitely-repeated interaction. A retailer paying the supplier more can induce greater investment while benefiting from consumers’ altruism towards the supplier. Thus, the bundle is produced at a lower cost (and under perfect competition will be cheaper) than its elements. We provide evidence for this model in the context of the coffee industry.
Kang, David Sung Yong,Lee, Hun,Reinstein, Dan Z.,Roberts, Cynthia J.,Arba-Mosquera, Samuel,Archer, Timothy J.,Kim, Eung Kweon,Seo, Kyoung Yul,Kim, Tae-im SLACK, Inc. 2018 Journal of refractive surgery Vol.34 No.7
<P>CONCLUSIONS: SMILE with the triple marking centration method can yield improved treatment centration and smaller induction of total HOAs, coma, and spherical aberrations.</P>
Lee, Hun,Yong Kang, David Sung,Reinstein, Dan Z.,Arba-Mosquera, Samuel,Kim, Eung Kweon,Seo, Kyoung Yul,Kim, Tae-im Elsevier 2018 Journal of cataract and refractive surgery Vol.44 No.6
<P><B>Purpose</B></P> <P>To evaluate the changes in corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after corneal wavefront-guided transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE).</P> <P><B>Setting</B></P> <P>Yonsei University College of Medicine and Eyereum Eye Clinic, South Korea.</P> <P><B>Design</B></P> <P>Retrospective case series.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Medical records of patients having either corneal wavefront-guided transepithelial PRK or small-incision lenticule extraction were examined. The root-mean-square total HOAs, 3rd-order coma aberration, and 4th-order spherical aberration were measured preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Independent <I>t</I> tests and analysis of covariance were used to compare changes in corneal HOAs between the 2 groups.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>The study comprised 77 eyes having corneal wavefront-guided transepithelial PRK and 81 eyes having small-incision lenticule extraction. The total HOAs and spherical aberration increased after transepithelial PRK (all <I>P</I> < .001), whereas coma aberration was stable after transepithelial PRK. The total HOAs, spherical aberration, and coma aberration increased after small-incision lenticule extraction (<I>P</I> < .001 for total HOAs, spherical aberration; <I>P</I> = .004 for coma). At 6 months postoperatively, total HOAs and spherical aberration were significantly larger in the transepithelial PRK group than in the small-incision lenticule extraction group. Coma aberration was larger in the small-incision lenticule extraction group than in the transepithelial PRK group. Spherical aberration induction was significantly smaller in the small-incision lenticule extraction group than in the transepithelial PRK group (<I>P</I> < .001), and coma aberration induction was larger in the small-incision lenticule extraction group than in the transepithelial PRK group (<I>P</I> = .011).</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>Small-incision lenticule extraction demonstrated that the induction of total HOAs was comparable to corneal wavefront-guided transepithelial PRK, accompanied by smaller spherical aberration induction and larger coma aberration induction. During small-incision lenticule extraction, surgeons should aim to obtain optimum centration for smaller induction of corneal HOAs.</P>
Effect of Lowering Laser Energy on the Surface Roughness of Human Corneal Lenticules in SMILE
Ji, Yong Woo,Kim, Minseo,Kang, David Sung Yong,Reinstein, Dan Z.,Archer, Timothy J.,Choi, Jin Young,Kim, Eung Kweon,Lee, Hyung Keun,Seo, Kyoung Yul,Kim, Tae-im SLACK INCORPORATED 2017 Journal of refractive surgery Vol.33 No.9
Ji, Y.W.,Kim, M.,Kang, D.S.Y.,Reinstein, D.Z.,Archer, T.J.,Choi, J.Y.,Kim, E.K.,Lee, H.K.,Seo, K.Y.,Kim, T.i. Ophthalmic Pub. Co.] ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2017 American journal of ophthalmology Vol.179 No.-
<P>CONCLUSIONS: SMILE using femtosecond energy of less than 115 nJ facilitates better visual acuity with less induction of corneal aberrations in the early postoperative period. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</P>