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Ahmed, Raju,Getachew, Adane Tilahun,Cho, Yeon-Jin,Chun, Byung-Soo Elsevier 2018 FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -ZURICH- Vol.89 No.-
<P>Collagen extracted from fish skin by using porcine-derived pepsin is not accepted by a large number of people due to religious constrains. The aim of the study was to explore bacterial collagenolytic proteases (CP) to extract fish skin collagen and characterize the extracted collagen. Two bacteria, Bacillus cereus FORC005 and Bacillus cereus FRCY9-2 were isolated. Glycerol and sucrose were suitable carbon sources for FORC005 and FRCY9-2, respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize pH, temperature (T) and concentration of carbon source (CC) for producing maximum CP. The temperature and pH were the most influencing factors for producing CP by FORC005 and FRCY9-2, respectively. The total yield of collagen by FORC005 and FRCY9-2 CP treatments combined with acid soluble collagen were 188 g/kg and 177 g/kg, respectively of skin (dry matter basis). The SDS-PAGE band patterns, FT-IR spectra and amino acid compositions indicated that all extracted collagens were type I collagen. The CPs produced from the bacteria were able to extract collagen from fish skin. This study provides an alternative approach for producing collagen from fish skin using CP.</P>
Outdoor Applications of Hyperspectral Imaging Technology for Monitoring Agricultural Crops: A Review
Ahmed, Mohammad Raju,Yasmin, Jannat,Mo, Changyeun,Lee, Hoonsoo,Kim, Moon S.,Hong, Soon-Jung,Cho, Byoung-Kwan Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2016 바이오시스템공학 Vol.41 No.4
Background: Although hyperspectral imaging was originally introduced for military, remote sensing, and astrophysics applications, the use of analytical hyperspectral imaging techniques has been expanded to include monitoring of agricultural crops and commodities due to the broad range and highly specific and sensitive spectral information that can be acquired. Combining hyperspectral imaging with remote sensing expands the range of targets that can be analyzed. Results: Hyperspectral imaging technology can rapidly provide data suitable for monitoring a wide range of plant conditions such as plant stress, nitrogen status, infections, maturity index, and weed discrimination very rapidly, and its use in remote sensing allows for fast spatial coverage. Conclusions: This paper reviews current research on and potential applications of hyperspectral imaging and remote sensing for outdoor field monitoring of agricultural crops. The instrumentation and the fundamental concepts and approaches of hyperspectral imaging and remote sensing for agriculture are presented, along with more recent developments in agricultural monitoring applications. Also discussed are the challenges and limitations of outdoor applications of hyperspectral imaging technology such as illumination conditions and variations due to leaf and plant orientation.
X-ray CT image analysis for morphology of muskmelon seed in relation to germination
Ahmed, Mohammed Raju,Yasmin, Jannat,Collins, Wakholi,Cho, Byoung-Kwan Elsevier 2018 BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING Vol.175 No.-
<P>Internal morphological damage can have critical effects on the development and germination power of seeds. This study investigates the morphological characteristics of naturally aged muskmelon seed in relation to germination ability. An X-ray microCT scanner was employed to generate CT images and then several image processing techniques such as re-slicing, contrast enhancement, noise reduction, and segmentation were performed on the images. Afterwards, fifteen preprocessed images were nominated from each sample, and features of interest (i.e., local binary pattern, Gabor, local Fourier (FFT), texture, contrast and Haralick textural (Tx) features) were extracted. The sequential forward selection (SFS) method was applied as a search strategy to identify the most relevant features using a variety of different objective functions. It was determined that the Fisher discriminant objective function performed the best. A germination test was performed to evaluate the seed viability and the information was used to construct the training and validation data set. The seeds were divided into 2 groups: viable (group-1) and non-viable (group-0). Different classifiers were probed to determine the optimal performer, where the linear discriminant classifier resulted in an accuracy of 98.9%, with 10-fold cross-validation using eighteen selected features. The findings of this study indicate that CT imaging is a potential tool for the classification of seeds based on the characterisation of internal morphologically.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> X-ray CT imaging was adopted to reveal the internal quality of seed. </LI> <LI> CT imaging is able to identify the empty, broken, or irregular shaped endosperm. </LI> <LI> 98% accuracy was gained to classify textural difference of the endosperm. </LI> <LI> The model is useful to detect good quality seeds to increase the germination rate. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Ahmed, Mohammed Raju,Yasmin, Jannat,Lee, Wang-Hee,Mo, Changyeun,Cho, Byoung-Kwan Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2017 바이오시스템공학 Vol.42 No.3
Purpose: This study reviewed the major nondestructive measurement techniques used to assess internal properties of agricultural materials that significantly influence the quality, safety, and value of the products in markets. Methods: Imaging technologies are powerful nondestructive analytical tools that possess specific advantages in revealing the internal properties of products. Results: This review was exploring the application of various imaging techniques, specifically, hyperspectral imaging (HSI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), soft X-ray, X-ray computed tomography (XRI-CT), thermal imaging (TI), and ultrasound imaging (UI), to investigate the internal properties of agricultural commodities. Conclusions: The basic instruments used in these techniques are discussed in the initial part of the review. In the context of an investigation of the internal properties of agricultural products, including crops, fruits, vegetables, poultry, meat, fish, and seeds, various extant studies are examined to understand the potential of these imaging technologies. Future trends for these imaging techniques are also presented.
Classification of watermelon seed based on physiological quality using X-ray 2D projection imaging
( Mohammed Raju Ahmed ),( Jannat Yasmin ),( Hee Young Lee ),( Wakholi Collins ),( Santosh Lohumi ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2020 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.1
Non-destructive and high performance analysis for classification of seed internal quality is highly desirable as the internal structure of seed plays a significant role during germination. This study was aimed to develop a classification model by investigating the morphological characteristics of watermelon seed. An X-ray scanner (Xeye-5100F) was employed to generate 2D projection internal images of seed with a dose of 50 kV, 100 μA, and 0.05 second exposure time. Each X-ray images contained multi samples, hence image cropping algorithm based on MATLAB was used to cut images for individual sample. Several image processing techniques such as contrast enhancement, noise reduction, and image masking were applied on the cropped images and later various image features such as local binary pattern, Gabor, local Fourier (FFT), texture, contrast, and Haralick textural (Tx) features were extracted. To identify the most relevant features using a variety of different objective functions, the sequential forward selection (SFS) method was applied as a search strategy and found that the Fisher discriminant objective function performed the best. A germination test was performed to divide the seed into 2 groups: normal viable (group-1) and nonviable & abnormal viable (group-0) and the calibration and validation date set were constructed based on the group information. Several classifiers were tested to find the best performer, where the linear discriminant classifier resulted in an accuracy of 84. 9%, with 10-fold cross-validation using eighteen selected features. The study shows that, X-ray imaging with the develop algorithm can be used in a simple and fast manner to classify seed based on their internal condition.
Assessment of the Morphological Structure of Aged Seeds as Related to Viability
( Mohammed Raju Ahmed ),( Jannat Yasmin ),( Wakholi Collins ),( Byoung-kwan Cho ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.2
Morphologically perfect seeds are critically important for raising normal, healthy seedlings as well as for increasing germination percentages. In this study, an X-ray microCT scanner was employed to generate CT images to investigate the internal conditions of five-year-old watermelon and muskmelon seeds. Different seed components, such as the seed coat thickness, the size of the embryo, the area of the air space inside the seed, the embryo structure, and the damages diagnosis in the seed anatomy were selected as observation parameters for investigation of the dicot seed samples. The areas of the seed coat thickness, embryo, and the internal air space were measured by ImageJ software, and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to inspect the significant differences in the parameters of the highly viable and the nonviable/abnormally viable seeds. A paper germination test was performed to identify the highly viable and nonviable/abnormally viable seeds. The findings of this study indicate that there was no significant difference in the seed coat thickness of the highly viable and the nonviable/abnormally viable naturally aged seeds, but the embryo and internal air space area structures were distinctive. The highly viable seeds contained a large embryo with nominal air space inside the seed, whereas the nonviable/abnormally viable seed embryo size was relatively small with a vast internal cavity. During the storage period, autoxidation and moisture content transformation played a vital role in altering the anatomy of the seed components, resulting in cracked and subnormal embryo structures. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that the highly viable and nonviable/abnormally viable aged seeds had significance differences in their morphological structures that adversely affect seed germination.