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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Qaseem, Amir (검색결과 2 건)
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CONSUMER PROTECTION AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ESPECIALLY IN AFGHANISTAN
HAKIMI MOHAMMAD QASEEM 아주대학교 Graduate School of International Studies Ajo 2018 국내석사
The fundamental goal of research is to find different ways and solutions for consumers. It is essential that they both be aware of their rights and that these consumer rights should be protected. At the end of this paper I will try to make some recommendations and a framework through which governments can easily contact consumers, make them aware of their rights, and protect them in better ways. The current situation in Afghanistan regarding consumer rights and protections is in a very preliminary stage, as consumer protection law was passed during this year by the parliament of Afghanistan, and it was designed by competition promotion and the consumer protection directorate of MOCI, Afghanistan. For the first time ever, Afghanistan is putting consumer protection law into practice, so it is not very easy for a country in this situation to adopt it quickly. But the country can still try its best by using different means, which can be useful for each part of the country individually. First, I will compare consumer protection law in Afghanistan with some other countries consumer protection law in to see how they might be able to succeed, how they might get better results, and to find out an easier way to create consumer protection awareness and promote consumer rights. Second, I will discuss the challenges while implementing these laws in different countries. At the end of the paper I will present a framework to show consumers how they can be protected by the law. The research will discuss why we need to protect consumers in Afghanistan by using qualitative analysis, showing how to protect them and make them aware them of their rights. In my research, I discovered some of the challenges that consumers are facing in developing countries, especially in Afghanistan.
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Qaseem, Amir The Pennsylvania State University 2003 해외박사(DDOD)
<italic>Research objective</italic>. The Medicare PPS was implemented under the Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of I997 to control the increasing costs of subacute care. Under Medicare PPS, nursing homes receive case-mix adjusted per diem payments. Using the Resource Dependence Theory and Porter's Five Forces of Environmental Threats Model, this study examines the impact of the BBA on the level of subacute care services provided in nursing homes. <italic>Study design</italic>. Data sources include the Online Survey Certification of Automated Records (OSCAR), the Area Resource File (ARF), the Medicare managed care market penetration data files, and the Medicaid reimbursement surveys. Subacute care beds are defined as specialty care beds for hospice, dialysis, head trauma, Huntington's disease, AIDS, ventilator, and special rehabilitation care. A quasi-experimental interrupted time-series design using Heckman's two-stage regression model is employed to test for changes in the percentage of subacute care beds in nursing homes before and after the implementation of Medicare PPS. Organizational and market factors that may influence the provision of subacute care by nursing homes are also examined. <italic>Population studied</italic>. The sample for this study is all Medicare and Medicaid certified nursing homes in the United States during the period of 1994 to 2000. <italic>Principal findings</italic>. Analysis shows that the percentage of subacute care beds in nursing homes decreased significantly after the implementation of the BBA. However, the trend in nursing homes' subacute care beds did not change significantly since the implementation of PPS. This study also found that nursing homes located in markets with higher Medicare managed care penetration and higher Medicare hospital discharges were more likely to offer subacute care services, while those located in markets with a higher proportion of home health agencies were less likely to offer subacute care. <italic>Conclusions</italic>. Our findings suggest that the change in Medicare reimbursement from cost-based to PPS under the BBA resulted in a decrease in the supply of subacute care beds by nursing homes. However, the impact of PPS on nursing home's subacute care has leveled off since 1997, suggesting this was a one-time effect. Increased Medicare reimbursement under the Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999 (BBRA) may partially explain the observed stabilization in the supply of subacute care beds. Market factors can also influence the supply of subacute care by nursing homes as they respond to the demands of the environment in pursuit of profitable opportunities. <italic>Implications for policy</italic>. Changes in Medicare reimbursement policy can affect the supply of subacute care services by nursing homes. Subacute care is an important component of the long-term care continuum. A reduction in nursing homes' subacute care services may affect the continuity of care and coordination for patients discharged from hospitals. Future research should examine the impact of changes in nursing homes' subacute care supply on costs, quality of care, and access to care for the Medicare population.
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