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      • Immunolocalization of Water Channel Proteins AQP1 and AQP4 in Rat Spinal Cord

        Oklinski, Michal K.,Lim, Jung-Suk,Choi, Hyo-Jung,Oklinska, Paulina,Skowronski, Mariusz T.,Kwon, Tae-Hwan SAGE Publications 2014 The Journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry Vol.62 No.8

        <P>Aquaporin (AQP) is a water-selective channel protein. In the brain, AQPs play critical roles in the production of cerebrospinal fluid and in edema formation. In contrast, the expression and role of AQPs in spinal cord are unclear. We aimed to investigate the localization of AQP1 and AQP4 in normal rat spinal cord compared with the expression of marker proteins for astrocytes, neurons, and endothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that AQP1 and AQP4 are expressed along all levels of the spinal cord from the cervical to lumbar levels. AQP1 immunolabeling was observed in the dorsal horns in the gray matter, whereas the labeling was weak and mainly seen close to glia limitans in the white matter. AQP1 was co-labeled with marker proteins for unmyelinated neuronal fibers (peripherin) and endothelial cells (RECA-1) of blood vessels that had penetrated through the glia limitans. In contrast, AQP1 did not colocalize with GFAP, an astrocyte marker, at any level of the spinal cord. AQP4 was exclusively localized at the astrocytes, but AQP4 expression in spinal cord exhibited a less polarized and more spatial distribution than that of brain astrocytes. The observed characteristic localization and expression patterns of AQP1 and AQP4 could provide insights toward gaining an understanding of the role of AQPs in the spinal cord.</P>

      • Aquaporins in the Spinal Cord

        Oklinski, Michal K.,Skowronski, Mariusz T.,Skowronska, Agnieszka,,tzler, Michael,Nørgaard, Kirsten,Nieland, John D.,Kwon, Tae-Hwan,Nielsen, Søren MDPI 2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.17 No.12

        <P>Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins robustly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). A number of previous studies described the cellular expression sites and investigated their major roles and function in the brain and spinal cord. Among thirteen different mammalian AQPs, AQP1 and AQP4 have been mainly studied in the CNS and evidence has been presented that they play important roles in the pathogenesis of CNS injury, edema and multiple diseases such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, glioblastoma multiforme, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The objective of this review is to highlight the current knowledge about AQPs in the spinal cord and their proposed roles in pathophysiology and pathogenesis related to spinal cord lesions and injury.</P>

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