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Minireviews : Environmental Factors and Bioremediation of Xenobiotics Using White Rot Fungi
( Naresh Magan ),( Silvia Fragoeiro ),( Catarina Bastos ) 한국균학회 2010 Mycobiology Vol.38 No.4
This review provides background information on the importance of bioremediation approaches. It describes the roles of fungi, specifically white rot fungi, and their extracellular enzymes, laccases, ligninases, and peroxidises, in the degradation of xenobiotic compounds such as single and mixtures of pesticides. We discuss the importance of abiotic factors such as water potential, temperature, and pH stress when considering an environmental screening approach, and examples are provided of the differential effect of white rot fungi on the degradation of single and mixtures of pesticides using fungi such as Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. We also explore the formulation and delivery of fungal bioremedial inoculants to terrestrial ecosystems as well as the use of spent mushroom compost as an approach. Future areas for research and potential exploitation of new techniques are also considered.
Aspergillus ochraceus 와 다른 저장균간의 in vitro 상호작용 및 Niche Overlap 에 미치는 환경요인의 영향
Magan, Naresh,이향범,유승헌 한국균학회 1999 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.27 No.4
The effect of water activity (a_w, 0.9∼0.995) and temperature (18∼30℃) on in vitro growth and interactions between ochratoxin-producing Aspergillus ochraceus and six other fungi (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus, A. niger, Eurotium amstelodami, E. rubrum) isolated from maize grain were investigated. A. ochraceus and each six other species were paired and their interactions given a numerical score to obtain an index of dominance (I_D) for each species. Generally A. ochraceus was very competitive and dominant against other fungi. It was, however, dominanted by Alternaria alternata and A. niger at high a_w (0.995 a_w), and mutually antagonistic when paired with E. amstelodami and E. rubrum at low a_w (0.9 a_w). The growth rates of each species were also calculated under the same range of environmental conditions. They were markedly influenced by a_w and temperature. At high temperature (30℃), A. ochraceus grew most rapidly under slightly drier conditions (0.95 a_w), while A. alternata, A. flavus and A. niger did at high water availability level (0.995 a_w). At 18℃ and 25℃, and high a_w level (0.995 a_w), A. alternata grew fastest, while A. candidus, E. amstelodami and E. rubrum grew very slowly. Using Biolog plates the effect of a_w and temperature on utilization patterns of carbon sources in maize was evaluated. The niche overlap index (NOI) relative to A. ochraceus was determined and compared with that of each interacting species. Under high water available condition (0.995 a_w) the NOI of A. ochraceus was often $gt;0.9, indicative of the coexistence with other interacting species. However, against E. amstelodami and E, rubrum at 18℃, the species had NOI $lt;0.8, indicative of occupation of different niches. At low a_w (0.95 a_w), NOI for A. ochraceus was $lt;0.8 when paired with A. alternata and A. niger also suggested the occupation of different niches.
Alternaria in Food: Ecophysiology, Mycotoxin Production and Toxicology
Lee, Hyang Burm,Patriarca, Andrea,Magan, Naresh The Korean Society of Mycology 2015 Mycobiology Vol.43 No.2
Alternaria species are common saprophytes or pathogens of a wide range of plants pre- and post-harvest. This review considers the relative importance of Alternaria species, their ecology, competitiveness, production of mycotoxins and the prevalence of the predominant mycotoxins in different food products. The available toxicity data on these toxins and the potential future impacts of Alternaria species and their toxicity in food products pre- and post-harvest are discussed. The growth of Alternaria species is influenced by interacting abiotic factors, especially water activity ($a_w$), temperature and pH. The boundary conditions which allow growth and toxin production have been identified in relation to different matrices including cereal grain, sorghum, cottonseed, tomato, and soya beans. The competitiveness of Alternaria species is related to their water stress tolerance, hydrolytic enzyme production and ability to produce mycotoxins. The relationship between A. tenuissima and other phyllosphere fungi has been examined and the relative competitiveness determined using both an Index of Dominance ($I_D$) and the Niche Overlap Index (NOI) based on carbon-utilisation patterns. The toxicology of some of the Alternaria mycotoxins have been studied; however, some data are still lacking. The isolation of Alternaria toxins in different food products including processed products is reviewed. The future implications of Alternaria colonization/infection and the role of their mycotoxins in food production chains pre- and post-harvest are discussed.
Nguyen, Thuong T.T.,Kim, Jueun,Jeon, Sun Jeong,Lee, Chul Won,Magan, Naresh,Lee, Hyang Burm Elsevier 2018 International journal of food microbiology Vol.268 No.-
<P>Twenty-four Alternaria strains were isolated from barley grain samples. These strains were screened for the production of mycotoxins on rice medium using thin layer chromatography. All 24 strains produced at least one of the five mycotoxins (ALT, AOH, ATX-I, AME, and TeA). Three representative strains, namely EML-BLDF1-4, EML-BLDF1-14, and EML-BLDF1-18, were further analyzed using a new LC-MS/MS-based mycotoxin quantification method. This method was used to detect and quantify Alternaria mycotoxins. We used positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry with multiple reaction mode (MRM) for the simultaneous quantification of various Alternaria mycotoxins produced by these strains. Five Alternaria toxins (ALT, ATX-I, AOH, AME, and TeA) were detected and quantified. Sample preparation included methanol extraction, concentration, and injection into LC-MS/MS. Limit of detection ranged from 0.13 to 4 mu g/mL and limit of quantification ranged from 0.25 to 8 mu g/mL.</P>