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A meta-analysis of adolescent psychosocial smoking prevention programs in the United States
Myunghee Song Hwang 한국보건교육·건강증진학회 2007 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.24 No.5
청소년을 위한 학교 흡연예방 프로그램은 사회심리 이론에 근거한 프로그램이 대체로 성공적이었다고 알려져 있으나, 각 프로그램의 효과 정도에는 많은 차이가 있다. 이 연구는 다른 메타 분석처럼 전체적인 프로그램 효과도를 측정하여 일반적인 결론을 유도한 것이 아니라, 프로그램의 효과와 관계가 깊은 요인 (Explanatory Variables)을 자세히 파악하여 보건교육 담당자, 연구원, 또는 정책 결정자들에게 구체적인 가이드라인을 제공하는 데에 목적을 두고 있다. 주요한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 8-12학년 학생들보다는 초등학교에서 중등학교로 바뀌는 5-7학년 학생들에게 흡연예방 프로그램은 더 효과가 있었다. 2. 연구 방법론에 있어서는 experimental design, random assignment, 순수 비교그룹을 사용하였을 경우, implementation fidelity와 instrument reliability가 높은 경우, 또는 10% 미만의 attrition rates일 때 프로그램 효과도 (effect size)가 더 높게 나타났다. 3. 프로그램 실행 시 또래 리더를 사용하였을 경우, 알코올 등 다른 약물을 배제한 담배만을 중점적으로 다루었을 경우, 적어도 10회 이상 연속적으로 이루어지거나 프로그램 종료 후 일년 뒤에 추가 프로그램이 주어진 경우가 더욱 효과적이었다. Adolescent psychosocial smoking prevention programs have been successful, but limited in the magnitude of program effects. The present study is the secondary analysis after the previous study estimated mean effect sizes in smoking knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviors with treatment variables. Regardless of overall program effect estimations that other meta analysis studies have done, this study is conducted to identify explanatory variables that are likely to increase program effects. A decrease of adolescent smoking behaviors is associated with the following factors: a. Younger students (5<SUP>th</SUP>-7<SUP>th</SUP>) than older students (8<SUP>th</SUP>-12<SUP>th</SUP>). b. Research methodology using true experimental design, quasi experimental design with equivalence between groups, use of random assignment, 10% or less attrition rate, use of a no treatment control group, high implementation fidelity, and/or acceptable instrumentation reliability c. Programs using trained peer leaders, targeting cigarette smoking only, implementing 10 or more treatment sessions and/ or providing booster sessions.
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Shukla, Shruti,Haldorai, Yuvaraj,Bajpai, Vivek K.,Rengaraj, Arunkumar,Hwang, Seung Kyu,Song, Xinjie,Kim, Myunghee,Huh, Yun Suk,Han, Young-Kyu Elsevier 2018 Biosensors & bioelectronics Vol.109 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A sensitive electrochemical immunosensing platform for the detection of <I>Cronobacter sakazakii</I> was developed using a graphene oxide/gold (GO/Au) composite. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the Au nanoparticles, with an average size of < 30 nm, were well dispersed on the GO surface. For the detection of <I>C. sakazakii</I>, a polyclonal anti-<I>C. sakazakii</I> antibody (IgG) was covalently immobilized to the Au nanoparticles on the surface of the GO/Au composite coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical sensing performance of immunofunctionalized GCE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimized conditions, in pure culture there was a linear relationship between electrical signal and <I>C. sakazakii</I> levels over the range 2.0 × 10<SUP>2</SUP>–2.0 × 10<SUP>7</SUP> cfu/mL (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.999), with a detection limit of 2.0 × 10<SUP>1</SUP> cfu/mL. The total analytical time was 15 min per sample. The <I>C. sakazakii</I> electrochemical immunosensing assay was able to successfully detect 2.0 × 10<SUP>1</SUP> cfu/mL of <I>C. sakazakii</I> in artificially contaminated powdered infant formula without any enrichment or pre-enrichment steps. Furthermore, the recovery rates of the <I>C. sakazakii</I> electrochemical immunosensing assay following spiking of powdered infant formula with different concentrations of <I>C. sakazakii</I> (cfu/mL) were 82.58% at 2.0 × 10<SUP>1</SUP> cfu/mL, 84.86% at 2.0 × 10<SUP>2</SUP> cfu/mL, and 95.40% at 2.0 × 10<SUP>3</SUP> cfu/mL. The <I>C. sakazakii</I> electrochemical immunosensing assay had good selectivity, reproducibility, and reactivity compared with other <I>Cronobacter</I> spp. and/or pathogens belonging to other genera, indicating its significant potential in the clinical diagnosis of <I>C. sakazakii</I>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Development of a GO/Au nanocomposite-based electrochemical immunosensing for <I>Cronobacter sakazakii</I> detection. </LI> <LI> The developed assay detected 2.0 × 10<SUP>1</SUP> cfu/mL of <I>C. sakazakii</I> in pure culture as well as in infant formula powder. </LI> <LI> Developed assay required a total analytical performance time of 15 min per sample. </LI> <LI> The assay facilitated sensitive, efficient, and rapid detection of <I>C. sakazakii</I> without any interfering factor. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
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