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      • (The) 'European Pivot' and its role in Korea security : an institutional liberalist perspective

        Morgan, Stephen Ian Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. Graduate Sch 2015 국내석사

        RANK : 247359

        The 'European Pivot' and its role in Korea Security: An Institutional Liberalist Perspective This study is about Europe and in particular the EU and its role in the world as a security actor on the global stage. As global economic and political power shifts away from the West towards the Asia-Pacific region Europe finds itself at a crossroads. The changing global security paradigm offers the EU a chance to become a credible security actor globally and specifically in East Asia. The importance of this region to European stability cannot be overstated as trade and investment with the region increasingly becomes essential to Europe’s economic recovery. Furthermore, territorial disputes between East Asian states and anxiety over China’s growing power pose several potential threats to Europe’s future. It is therefore vital that Europe overcomes its inherent internal difficulties in working collectively and empowers regional middle powers. Globalization offers new opportunities for states caught in the middle of great power confrontations to punch above their weight and be a powerful force through diplomacy and building cooperation. The complex interactions between states that globalization fosters means that relations cannot simply be understood or measured by hard power. The EU as a partner working to provide resources and its global clout to promote regional trust could be a powerful force in helping to create the rules and regimes that define the Asia-Pacific for a generation.

      • Chemical constituents from Ducrosia ismaelis and Boscia senegalensis and their attenuating effects on degenerative diseases

        Morgan, Abubaker Mohammed Awad 忠南大學校 大學院 2015 국내박사

        RANK : 247359

        일반적으로 하자 (Haza) 또는 기이샤 (Geshea)로 알려진 Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. (Apiaceae)는 방향성 향기와 가지가 있는 다년생 초본이다. 특히, 식물의 지상부 (aerial parts)는 피부 감염 치료, 해충 및 동물의 방역제로 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는D. ismaelis의 지상부로부터 하나의 신규 화합물glycinol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5)와 보고된psoralen (1), isopsoralen (2), cnidioside A (3), coumestrol (4), ismaeloside A (6), isobavachalcone (7), daidzin (8), daidzein-4'-O--D-glucopyranoside (9), genistin (10), prunetrin (11), 4'-hydroxy-3,3',4,5,5'-pentamethoxy-7,9':7',9-diepoxylignane (12), liriodendrin (13), (-)-syringaresinol-O--D-glucopyranoside (14), pinoresinol-4'-O--D-glucopyranoside (15), (Z)-plicatin B (16), citrusin C (17), coniferin (18), blumenol C glucoside (19), and trilinolein (20) 을 분리 하였고 이들의 화학구조는 물리 화학적인 방법 (1D, 2D-NMR spectroscopies, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS) 및 이미 보고된 문헌을 비교하여 확인하였다. 또한 머헤잇 (Mukheit)으로 알려진Boscia senegalensis (Capparaceae)는 1-4 m 까지 자라는 상록수이다. 이는 이집트, 수단, 에티오피아, 소말리아, 케냐, 카메룬 등지의 모리타리니아, 세네갈, 니제르, 나이지리아 수도 인근의 사하라 사바나의 초원에서 서식하는 식물로서, B. senegalensis의 잎사귀 즙은 수단과 세네갈에서는 매독에 의한 눈의 가려움을 씻어 낼 때 사용한다. 본 연구에서B. senegalensis잎사귀로부터 하나의 신규 화합물 rhamnocitrin-3-O-(6''-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (35)와15개의 보고된 화합물 (+)-lyoniresinol-3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (21), (-)-lyoniresinol-3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (22), (+)-lariciresinol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (23), alangilignoside D (24), dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (25), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol-β-D-glucopyrinoside (26), syringin (27), 3,7-dimethyl-1-octene-3,6,7-triol-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (28), austroside B (29), lasianthionoside A (30), lasianthionoside B (31), 3,6-dihydroxymegastigman-7-en-9-one-3-O-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)--D-glucopyranoside (32), rhamnocitrin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (33), rhamnocitrin-3-O-(6''-O-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (34), and kaempferol-3-O-(6''-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (36) 을 분리 하였고 이들의 화학구조는 물리 화학적인 방법 (1D, 2D-NMR spectroscopies, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS) 및 이미 보고된 문헌을 비교하여 확인하였다. 두 식물체로부터 분리한 총36개의 화합물 중D. ismaelis로부터 분리한20개 화합물 (1−20)의 항산화 활성을peroxyl radical-scavenging 과 reducing capacity법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 이들 화합물 중에서5, 7−10화합물이 충분한peroxyl radical-scavenging capacities를 보였으며, 반면에 화합물 12는Cu2+를 상당히 감소시켰다. 또한 화합물1−20의 항골다공증 활성을 대조군으로 다아젠을 사용하여tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay를 측정한 결과10 M농도에서 화합물 2, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20들이 충분한 TRAP저해 활성은 나타내는 것으로 관찰되었다. 더불어 분리된 모든 화합물 (1−36)의soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH)에 대한 저해 활성평가를 측정한 결과, 모든 화합물 중에서 화합물1, 7, 16, 33−36들이 가장 우수한 sEH 저해 활성을 보였다. 본 실험은D. ismaelis와B. senegalensis의 구성성분에 대한 항산화, 항 골다공증 활성과sEH저해활성에 대해 처음으로 수행한 연구 결과로서 산화스트레스, 골다공증, 심혈관 질환에 대한 치료제로서 D. ismaelis와B. senegalensis의 구조활성상관관계 분석을 위한 중요한 기본정보를 제공하고자 한다. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. (Apiaceae) commonly known as Haza or Geshea, is a perennial, herbaceous, and branched plant with a characteristic aromatic odor. The whole herb, especially its aerial parts, has been used in traditional medicines to treat skin infections and to repel insects and reptile. Phytochemical study of the aerial parts of D. ismaelis led to the isolation of twenty compounds, including new pterocarpan glycoside, glycinol-3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (5), along with nineteen known compounds. Their structures were identified as: psoralen (1), isopsoralen (2), cnidioside A (3), coumestrol (4), ismaeloside A (6), isobavachalcone (7), daidzin (8), daidzein-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), genistin (10), prunetrin (11), 4'-hydroxy-3,3',4,5,5'-pentamethoxy-7,9':7',9-diepoxylignane (12), liriodendrin (13), (-)-syringaresinol-O--D-glucopyranoside (14), pinoresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (15), (Z)-plicatin B (16), citrusin C (17), coniferin (18), blumenol C glucoside (19), and trilinolein (20). Their chemical structures were elucidated by chemical evidence, physical methods (1D-, 2D-NMR spectroscopies, ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS), and as well as in comparison with those of reported in literatures. Boscia senegalensis (Capparaceae) commonly known as Mukheit, is an evergreen shrub reaching 1-4 m in height. It is native to the Sahel and Sahara savannas stretching from Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria to Cameroon and across Africa to Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya. Infusion of the leaves of B. senegalensis used as eyewash in Sudan and for pruritus of the eye due to syphilis in Senegal. In this study, sixteen compounds were isolated from the leaves of B. senegalensis, including one new flavonol glycoside, rhamnocitrin- 3-O-(6''-O-E-feruloyl)--D-glucopyranoside named bosenegaloside A (35), along with fifteen known compounds. Their structures were identified as: (+)-lyoniresinol-3α-O--D-glucopyranoside (21), (-)-lyoniresinol-3α-O--D-glucopyranoside (22), (+)-lariciresinol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (23), alangilignoside D (24), dehydrodiconiferylalcohol-4-O--D-glucopyranoside (25), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol--D-glucopyrinoside (26), syringin (27), 3,7-dimethyl-1-octene-3,6,7-triol-6-O--D-glucopyranoside (28), austroside B (29), lasianthionoside A (30), lasianthionoside B (31), 3,6-dihydroxymegastigman-7-en-9-one-3-O-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)--D-glucopyranoside (32), rhamnocitrin-3-O--D-glucopyranoside (33), rhamnocitrin-3-O-(6''-O-p-coumaroyl)--D-glucopyranoside (34), and kaempferol-3-O-(6''-O-E-feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (36). Their chemical structures were elucidated by ESI-MS, HR-ESI-MS, 1D, 2D-NMR spectra data as well as comparison with those of reported in literatures. Antioxidant activities of compounds 1−20 were investigated in terms of their peroxyl radical-scavenging and reducing capacity. Among them, compounds 5, 7−10 displayed potent peroxyl radical-scavenging capacities, whilst only compound 12 was able to significantly reduce Cu2+ ions. The anti-osteoporotic activity of compounds 1-20 were assessed using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay. The potent TRAP activity was observed in compounds 2, 7−9, 13, 14, 16, 17 and 20 at 10 μM when compared to daidzein used as a positive control. In addition, all of the isolated compounds (1−36) were evaluated their inhibitory activity on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Among the 36 isolated compounds, compounds 1, 7, 16, and 33−36 exhibited the most potent sEH inhibitory activity. This study is the first integrated chemical investigation on the chemical constituents from D. ismaelis and B. senegalensis, and this is the first report of the antioxidant, antiosteoporotic and sEH inhibitory activities of these constituents. The current study provides an important basis for further analysis of structure-activity relationship to develop optimized leads from D.ismaelis and B. senegalensis for treatment of oxidative stress, osteoporosis and cardiovascular related diseases.

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