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      저자 : Metwalley Kotb Abbass (검색결과 2 건)
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        Subclinical hypothyroidism in children: updates for pediatricians

        Metwalley Kotb Abbass,Farghaly Hekma Saad 대한소아내분비학회 2021 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.26 No.2

        Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) is defined as serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) above the upper limit of the reference range in the presence of normal free T4 concentrations. Depending on the degree of TSH elevation, SH could be defined as mild (TSH, 4.5–10 mIU/L) or severe (TSH>10 mIU/L). While there is a general consensus to treat children with serum TSH levels above 10 mU/L, the management of the mild form is uncertain and should be individualized. In this mini-review, we present a brief review of SH in children based on extensive literature review and long-standing clinical experience. This review provides the prevalence, causes, clinical presentation, consequences, investigation, and up-to-date therapeutic approach of SH in children. Generally, the purpose of the review is to provide pediatricians with an update of this common and continuously evolving condition.

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        Gynecomastia in adolescent males: current understanding of its etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

        Metwalley Kotb Abbass,Farghaly Hekma Saad 대한소아내분비학회 2024 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.29 No.2

        Gynecomastia (GM) is a common and continuously evolving condition that commonly occurs during adolescence. It is the source of significant embarrassment and psychological stress in adolescent males. GM is characterized by enlargement of the male breast due to the proliferation of glandular ducts and stromal components. The main cause of GM during adolescence is physiological or pubertal GM, which is primarily attributed to an imbalance between estrogen and androgen activity. Physiological GM is typically transient and resolves within several months, although it may take several years to resolve. GM may also be caused by other pathological conditions and could be indicative of an endocrine disease. It is crucial to understand the pathogenesis of GM to distinguish it from normal developmental variants due to pathological causes. The aim of this review is to highlight the significance of GM during adolescence in terms of potential etiologies, clinical and laboratory diagnoses, and current management.

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