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Steroid Biosynthesis within the Frog Brain : A Model of Neuroendocrine Regulation
Rego, Jean-Luc Do,Seong, Jae Young,Burel, Delphine,Luu-The, Van,Larhammar, Dan,Tsutsui, Kazuyoshi,Pelletier, Georges,Tonon, Marie-Christine,Vaudry, Hubert Wiley (Blackwell Publishing) 2009 Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol.1163 No.1
<P>There is now clear evidence that the brain, similar to the adrenal gland, gonads, and placenta, is a steroidogenic organ. Notably in the frog brain, the presence of various steroidogenic enzymes has been detected by immunohistochemistry in specific populations of neurons and/or glial cells. These steroidogenic enzymes are biologically active, as shown by the ability of brain tissue explants to convert [(3)H]pregnenolone into various radiolabeled steroids. The frog brain has also been extensively used as a model to study the mechanism of regulation of neurosteroidogenesis by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. It has been demonstrated that the biosynthesis of neurosteroids is inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acting through GABA(A) receptors, and neuropeptide Y, acting through Y1 receptors, and is stimulated by the octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), acting through central-type benzodiazepine receptors, triakontatetraneuropeptide (TTN), acting through peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors, and vasotocin, acting through V1a-like receptors. These data indicate that some of the neurophysiological effects of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides may be mediated through modulation of neurosteroid biosynthesis.</P>
Do Rego, Jean Luc,Seong, Jae Young,Burel, Delphine,Leprince, Jerô,me,Luu-The, Van,Tsutsui, Kazuyoshi,Tonon, Marie-Christine,Pelletier, Georges,Vaudry, Hubert Elsevier 2009 Frontiers in neuroendocrinology Vol.30 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Neuroactive steroids synthesized in neuronal tissue, referred to as neurosteroids, are implicated in proliferation, differentiation, activity and survival of nerve cells. Neurosteroids are also involved in the control of a number of behavioral, neuroendocrine and metabolic processes such as regulation of food intake, locomotor activity, sexual activity, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, body temperature and blood pressure. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the existence, neuroanatomical distribution and biological activity of the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of neurosteroids in the brain of vertebrates, and we review the neuronal mechanisms that control the activity of these enzymes. The observation that the activity of key steroidogenic enzymes is finely tuned by various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides strongly suggests that some of the central effects of these neuromodulators may be mediated via the regulation of neurosteroid production.</P>