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Humanized mouse model for vaccine evaluation: an overview
Kaushik Shivani,Kumari Lata,Deepak Rakesh Kumar 대한백신학회 2024 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.13 No.1
Animal models are essential in medical research for testing drugs and vaccines. These models differ from humans in various respects, so their results are not directly translatable in humans. To address this issue, humanized mice engrafted with functional human cells or tissue can be helpful. We propose using humanized mice that support the engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) without irradiation to evaluate vaccines that influence patient immunity. For infectious diseases, several types of antigens and adjuvants have been developed and evaluated for vaccination. Peptide vaccines are generally used for their capability to fight cancer and infectious diseases. Evaluation of adjuvants is necessary as they induce inflammation, which is effective for an enhanced immune response but causes adverse effects in some individuals. A trial can be done on humanized mice to check the immunogenicity of a particular adjuvant and peptide combination. Messenger RNA has also emerged as a potential vaccine against viruses. These vaccines need to be tested with human immune cells because they work by producing a particular peptide of the pathogen. Humanized mice with human HSCs that can produce both myeloid and lymphoid cells show a similar immune response that these vaccines will produce in a patient.
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Zeenat Arif,Naresh Kumar Sethy,Lata Kumari,Pradeep Kumar Mishra,Bhawna Verma 한국화학공학회 2019 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.36 No.7
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/TiO2 composite ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated using different loadings of TiO2 NPs synthesized by the green route using an extract of Cajanus cajan. XRD analysis confirmed the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles of size 10 nm using Debye Scherrer’s equation. High hydrophobicity of PVDF restricts its successful application due to fouling in the membrane. Therefore, composite membranes were prepared via the phase inversion route and characterized by contact angle and permeation tests. The BSA filtration experiments revealed that membrane with 0.5 wt% of TiO2 exhibits excellent hydrophilicity, permeation flux, high rejection ratio, and good antifouling performance. It was observed that the fouling characteristic of the membrane is governed by the surface roughness of the membrane, and with increasing loading of TiO2 the surface roughness decreases indirectly enhancing the antifouling property of membranes. The adsorption capacity of bovine serum albumin on the membrane surface decreased from 2.85 to 2.15mg cm2 as the TiO2 loading increased from 0 to 0.02 g TiO2/g PVDF. Fouling was found due to cake formation in ultrafiltration and can be explained by Hermia’s fouling model suggesting that the solutes are not deposited into the pores, which indicates that the fouling process is physically reversible.
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