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Evolution of the Pattern of Pronouns and Pronominal Adverbs in Artificial Language
Yakovlev, Andrey Institute for University Language Sejong Instituti 2003 Journal of Universal Language Vol.4 No.1
Changes in the usage of the inanimate personal pronoun g^i in real Esperanto, and some peculiarities in the usage of the generic pronoun oni, are addressed. The a-priori and a-posteriori principles in the correlative table of pronouns and pronominal adverbs are touched upon. Some changes in the usage of the particle of proximity c^i have been reported, especially in relation to syntagmatics/paradigmatics interaction. Cases of combining tabular and non-tabular morphemes into one world are examined. Esperanto is com-pared to other natural and artificial languages. The strong and weal points of Esperanto are analyzed. Suggestions for a new artificial language are given. The conclusion is that the pattern of pronouns and pronominal adverbs has developed into an open system. All the changes described in the article provide evidence of Esperanto as a living language.
( Language Proficiency ) 범태평양응용언어학회 2009 범태평양응용언어학회지 Vol.13 No.2
The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between language proficiency and socio-cultural factors among the Iranian MA students registered and entered at Shiraz University in 2008. The second objective was to explore whether or not one or a combination of socio-cultural factors are predictors of language proficiency. Finally, the study aims at investigating the effects of gender, age and major on language proficiency. To fulfill the objective, a 100- item language proficiency test (30 items for grammar, 40 items for vocabulary and 30 items for reading comprehension) and a questionnaire including socio-cultural factors were distributed among 510 male and female Iranians taking part in the MA Placement Test at Shiraz University. The data gathered were analyzed descriptively utilizing central tendency measures (mean and standard deviation). Moreover, the collected data were analyzed inferentially using correlation, regression analysis, ANOVA and independent t-test. As such, the following results were obtained: a) although the descriptive statistics showed that females outperformed males in language proficiency, the independent sample ttest revealed that the difference is not significant; b) a significant difference was found between the participants`` language proficiency in terms of their majors and their social classes; c) a moderate significant relationship was observed between the participants`` language proficiency and their age; d) among various cultural factors, mother``s literacy and using films/CDs predict language proficiency to a great extent.
韓國語文學硏究所 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1974 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.23 No.-
1. Introduction We have been collecting and studing the data of Korean language and literature every year. This is a report based on the collections through the field work which was carried out three times during the years 1970-72. The collections consist of the areas of Kechang, Hamyang(1970), Wullung(1971) and Haenam(1972). The field work was carried out during summer and winter vacations by the four parties in charge of dialects, folk ballads, legends and forklore. We are afraid that we may have made a few mistakes in copying the materials, owing to our insufficient training in the methods of field work and unfamiliarity with the dialects in these areas. This report is organized according to : parts of folk ballads, legends, folkore and sijos. The part on dialects will be reported later. 2. A Report on proceedings 1) The counties of Kechang(居昌) and Hamyang(咸陽) in south Kyengsang province: *Date : Feb. 24-Mar. 30, 1970 *Parties and members Parts | Leading Instructors | Members ---------------|---------------------------|--------------------------- Dialect | Lee, Nam-duk | Kim, Young Sin(Senior) | | Lee, Young Ok(Senior) | | Park, Hi Kyu(Senior) ---------------|---------------------------|--------------------------- Folk ballad | Lee, Chong-sook | Hir, Kil Sook(Senior) | | Son, Un Kyoung(Junior) ---------------|---------------------------|--------------------------- Legendd | Lee, Sang Taik | Jung, Hi Nim(Senior) | | Hir, Sook Ja(Senior) ---------------|---------------------------|--------------------------- Folklore | Suh, Dai Suck | Choi, Tai Hi(Senior) | | Hong, Sun Sim(Senior) *The members in parentheses are grades at that time. 2) The counties of Wullung(鬱陵) in North Kyengsang province: *Date: Aug. 16-23, 1971 *Parties and members Parts | Leading Instructors | Members ---------------|---------------------------|----------------------------- Dialect | Lee, Tai-Keuk | Kim, Young Sook(Senior) | | Song, Myoung Sook(Senior) | | Son, Un Kyoung(Junior) | | Kim, Hae Young(Graduate) ---------------|---------------------------|------------------------------ Folk ballad | Lee, Chong-sook | Kim, Hae Ja(Senior) | | Lee, Yang Hae(Senior) ---------------|---------------------------|------------------------------ Legend | Lee, Sang Taikd | Kim, Snag Nam(Senior) | | Choi, Hi Sook(Senior) | | Kang, Kum Sook(Graduate) ---------------|---------------------------|------------------------------ Folklore | Cho, Heui Ung | Choi, In Sook(Senior) | | Kim, Young Hi(Graduate) 3) The counties of Haenam(海南) in South: Parts | Leading Instructors | Members ---------------|---------------------------|----------------------------- Dialect | Lee, Tai-Keuk | Song, Myoung Sook(Senior) | | Choi, Chew Soo(Senior) | | Kang, Chung Hi(Junior) ---------------|---------------------------|------------------------------ Folk ballad | Lee, Chong-sook | Kim, Hae Ja(Senior) | | Park, Soon Hai(Senior) | | Choi, Sun(Junior) ---------------|---------------------------|------------------------------ Legend | Lee, Sang Taik | Koo, Soon Woo(Senior) | | Nam, Myoung Hi(Senior) | | Sin, Hae Sung(Junior) | | Chun, Soo Yun(Sophonome) ---------------|---------------------------|------------------------------- Folklore | Cho, Heui Ung | Kim, Un Kyoung(Senior) | | Choi, Hae Kyoung(Senior) | | Kim, Nam Young(Junior) 3. Materials 1) The materials collected include 62 folk ballads, 49 tales f folklore and 38 newly discovered sijos. 2) The folk ballads and legends are arranged in the order of classification according to the data collected from the four areas. 3) The folklore is put in order of areas. 4) The part of sijo is put organied according to the contents of the book "Sijo" which was discovered recently on Wullung Island. 5) The accounts of the place names, the names of the people who were questioned, as well as their sexes and ages are indicated in parentheses at the end of each group of material. 6) In the parts which we coundn't understand and thought to be unclear, a mark "…?…" is put.