Amelioration of Acid Soil Using Biochar

Deok Hyun Moon,Yoon-Young Chang,Agamemnon Koutsospyros,Kyung Hoon Cheong,Jeong-Hun Park,Yong Sik Ok 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Assessment of soil washing for simultaneous removal of heavy metals and low-level petroleum hydrocarbons using various washing solutions

Moon, Deok Hyun,Park, Jae-Woo,Koutsospyros, Agamemnon,Cheong, Kyung Hoon,Chang, Yoon-Young,Baek, Kitae,Jo, Raehyun,Park, Jeong-Hun Springer 2016 Environmental Earth Sciences Vol.75 No.10

<P>Bench-scale soil washing experiments were conducted for simultaneous removal of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn) and low-level petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants from soils. Various washing solutions including hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), tartaric acid (C4H6O6) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (C10H16N2O8, EDTA) were used. The concentration of the washing solutions ranged from 0.1 to 3M with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10. The soil washing results showed that hydrochloric acid (HCl) was the best washing solution at 3M for heavy metal removal. Other washing solutions also showed a significant removal of heavy metals, except for sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) exhibited the worst performance among all washing solutions used with respect to Pb removal. 1M HCl and HNO3 were sufficient for effective Pb and Cu removal, and all of the tested washing solutions at a concentration of 0.1M produced results compliant with the Korean warning standard for Zn removal. In the case of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), tartaric acid (C4H6O6) produced the highest removals at all concentration levels compared with other washing solutions. More specifically, TPH removal efficiencies exceeded 33 and 82 % at the lowest (0.1M) and highest (3M) tartaric acid (TA) concentrations, respectively. Overall, TA could be a viable washing solution for the removal of both heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn) and TPH from contaminated soils.</P>

Soil washing of fluorine contaminated soil using various washing solutions.

Moon, Deok Hyun,Jo, Raehyun,Koutsospyros, Agamemnon,Cheong, Kyung Hoon,Park, Jeong-Hun Springer Verlag 2015 Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxico Vol.94 No.3

<P>Bench-scale soil washing experiments were conducted to remove fluoride from contaminated soils. Five washing solutions including hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and tartaric acid (C4H6O6) were tested. The concentration of the washing solutions used ranged from 0.1 to 3 M with a liquid to solid ratio of 10. The soil washing results showed that the most effective washing solution for the removal of fluoride from contaminated soils was HCl. The highest fluoride removal results of approximately 97 % from the contaminated soil were obtained using 3 M HCl. The fluoride removal efficiency of the washing solution increases in the following order: C4H6O6 < NaOH < H2SO4 < HNO3 < HCl.</P>

Assessment of waste oyster shells and coal mine drainage sludge for the stabilization of As-, Pb-, and Cu-contaminated soil

Moon, D. H.,Cheong, K. H.,Koutsospyros, A.,Chang, Y. Y.,Hyun, S.,Ok, Y. S.,Park, J. H. Springer 2016 Environmental Science and Pollution Research Vol. No.

<P>A novel treatment mix was designed for the simultaneous immobilization of As, Cu, and Pb in contaminated soils using natural (waste oyster shells (WOS)) and industrial (coal mine drainage sludge (CMDS)) waste materials. The treatments were conducted using the standard U.S. sieve size no. 20 (0.85 mm) calcined oyster shells (COS) and CMDS materials with a curing time of 1 and 28 days. The As immobilization treatments were evaluated using the 1-N HCl extraction fluid, whereas the Pb and Cu immobilization treatments were evaluated using the 0.1-N HCl extraction fluid based on the Korean leaching standards. The treatment results showed that the immobilization of As, Cu, and Pb was best achieved using a combination mix of 10 wt% COS and 10 wt% CMDS. This treatment mix was highly effective leading to superior leachability reductions for all three target contaminants (> 93 % for As and > 99 % for Cu and Pb) for a curing period of 28 days. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) results showed that As was present in the form of As(V) in the control sample and that no changes in As speciation were observed following the COS-CMDS treatments. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) sample treated with 10 wt% COS and 10 wt% CMDS indicated that As immobilization may be associated with the formation of Ca-As and Fe-As precipitates while Pb and Cu immobilization was most probably linked to calcium silicate hydrates (CSHs) and calcium aluminum hydrates (CAHs).</P>

Production and use of biochar from buffalo‐weed (<i>Ambrosia trifida</i> L.) for trichloroethylene removal from water

Ahmad, Mahtab,Moon, Deok Hyun,Vithanage, Meththika,Koutsospyros, Agamemnon,Lee, Sang Soo,Yang, Jae E,Lee, Sung Eun,Jeon, Choong,Ok, Yong Sik John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2014 Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology Vol.89 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>BACKGROUND</B></P><P><B><I>Ambrosia trifida</I> L. (buffalo‐weed) is a ubiquitous invasive plant species in Korea, causing severe allergy problems to humans and reduction in crop yields. Converting buffalo‐weed biomass to biochar and its use as an adsorbent for the depuration of trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated water could help resolve two existing environmental issues simultaneously</B>.</P><P><B>RESULTS</B></P><P><B>The plant biomass was converted to biochar at 300 °C (BC300) and 700 °C (BC700). The pyrolysis temperature strongly influenced the properties of resulting biochars. The higher temperature resulted in a higher degree of C‐enrichment. The loss of H‐ and O‐containing functional groups shifted the BC700 composition towards a less polar, more aromatic carbon structure evidenced by lower O/C (0.06) and H/C (0.15) values compared with those of BC300 (0.07 and 0.65, respectively). These properties of BC700 further highlighted its greater efficiency of TCE removal (88.47%) from water, compared with that of BC300 (69.07%). The TCE adsorption data was well described by the Hill isotherm model indicating the mechanism of adsorption to be cooperative interaction. Linear correlations between model parameters and biochar properties were also observed</B>.</P><P><B>CONCLUSIONS</B></P><P><B>Buffalo‐weed can be converted to value‐added biochar that can be used as an effective adsorbent for the treatment of TCE contaminated groundwater. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry</B></P>

Stabilization of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in contaminated rice paddy soil using starfish: A preliminary study

Moon, Deok Hyun,Hwang, Inseong,Koutsospyros, Agamemnon,Cheong, Kyung Hoon,Ok, Yong Sik,Ji, Won Hyun,Park, Jeong-Hun Elsevier 2018 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.199 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) contaminated rice paddy soil was stabilized using natural (NSF) and calcined starfish (CSF). Contaminated soil was treated with NSF in the range of 0–10 wt% and CSF in the range of 0–5 wt% and cured for 28 days. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test was used to evaluate effectiveness of starfish treatment. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analyses were conducted to investigate the mechanism responsible for effective immobilization of Pb and Zn. Experimental results suggest that NSF and CSF treatments effectively immobilize Pb and Zn in treated rice paddy soil. TCLP levels for Pb and Zn were reduced with increasing NSF and CSF dosage. Comparison of the two treatment methods reveals that CSF treatment is more effective than NSF treatment. Leachability of the two metals is reduced approximately 58% for Pb and 51% for Zn, upon 10 wt% NSF treatment. More pronounced leachability reductions, 93% for Pb and 76% for Zn, are achieved upon treatment with 5 wt% CSF. Sequential extraction results reveal that NSF and CSF treatments of contaminated soil generated decrease in exchangeable/weak acid Pb and Zn soluble fractions, and increase of residual Pb and Zn fractions. Results for the SEM-EDX sample treated with 5 wt% CSF indicate that effective Pb and Zn immobilization is most probably associated with calcium silicate hydrates (CSHs) and calcium aluminum hydrates (CAHs).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Natural and calcined starfish were used to stabilize Pb and Zn contaminated soil. </LI> <LI> The calcined starfish (COS) treatment significantly reduced TCLP Pb and Zn leachability. </LI> <LI> Treatment with 5 wt.% COS reduced the TCLP leachability of Pb and Zn to 93% and 76%, respectively. </LI> <LI> Effective Pb and Zn immobilization was most probably associated with pozzolanic reaction products. </LI> </UL> </P>

Assessment of natural and calcined starfish for the amelioration of acidic soil.

Moon, Deok Hyun,Yang, Jae E,Cheong, Kyung Hoon,Koutsospyros, Agamemnon,Park, Jeong-Hun,Lim, Kyoung Jae,Kim, Sung Chul,Kim, Rog-Young,Ok, Yong Sik Ecomed 2014 Environmental Science and Pollution Research Vol.21 No.16

<P>Quality improvement of acidic soil (with an initial pH of approximately 4.5) with respect to soil pH, exchangeable cations, organic matter content, and maize growth was attempted using natural (NSF) and calcined starfish (CSF). Acidic soil was amended with NSF and CSF in the range of 1 to 10 wt.% to improve soil pH, organic matter content, and exchangeable cations. Following the treatment, the soil pH was monitored for periods up to 3 months. The exchangeable cations were measured after 1 month of curing. After a curing period of 1 month, the maize growth experiment was performed with selected treated samples to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. The results show that 1 wt.% of NSF and CSF (700 and 900 C) were required to increase the soil pH to a value higher than 7. In the case of CSF (900 C), 1 wt.% was sufficient to increase the soil pH value to 9 due to the strong alkalinity in the treatment. No significant changes in soil pHs were observed after 7 days of curing and up to 3 months of curing. Upon treatment, the cation exchange capacity values significantly increased as compared to the untreated samples. The organic content of the samples increased upon NSF treatment, but it remains virtually unchanged upon CSF treatment. Maize growth was greater in the treated samples rather than the untreated samples, except for the samples treated with 1 and 3 wt.% CSF (900 C), where maize growth was limited due to strong alkalinity. This indicates that the amelioration of acidic soil using natural and calcined starfish is beneficial for plant growth as long as the application rate does not produce alkaline conditions outside the optimal pH range for maize growth.</P>

Quality improvement of acidic soils by biochar derived from renewable materials

Moon, D. H.,Hwang, I.,Chang, Y. Y.,Koutsospyros, A.,Cheong, K. H.,Ji, W. H.,Park, J. H. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Environmental Science and Pollution Research Vol.24 No.4

<P>Biochar derived from waste plant materials and agricultural residues was used to improve the quality of an acidic soil. The acidic soil was treated for 1 month with both soy bean stover-derived biochar and oak-derived biochar in the range of 1 to 5 wt% for pH improvement and exchangeable cation enhancement. Following 1 month of treatment, the soil pH was monitored and exchangeable cations were measured. Moreover, a maize growth experiment was performed for 14 days with selected treated soil samples to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment. The results showed that the pH of the treated acidic soil increased by more than 2 units, and the exchangeable cation values were greatly enhanced upon treatment with 5 wt% of both biochars, after 1 month of curing. Maize growth was superior in the 3 wt% biochar-treated samples compared to the control sample. The presented results demonstrate the effective use of biochar derived from renewable materials such as waste plant materials and agricultural residues for quality improvement of acidic soils.</P>

Immobilization of lead in contaminated firing range soil using biochar

Moon, Deok Hyun,Park, Jae-Woo,Chang, Yoon-Young,Ok, Yong Sik,Lee, Sang Soo,Ahmad, Mahtab,Koutsospyros, Agamemnon,Park, Jeong-Hun,Baek, Kitae Springer-Verlag 2013 Environmental Science and Pollution Research Vol.20 No.12