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Experience-Driven Plasticity in Binocular Vision
Klink, P. Christiaan,Brascamp, Jan W.,Blake, Randolph,van Wezel, Richard J.A. Elsevier 2010 Current biology Vol.20 No.16
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Experience-driven neuronal plasticity allows the brain to adapt its functional connectivity to recent sensory input. Here we use binocular rivalry [<ce:cross-ref refid='bib1'>1</ce:cross-ref>], an experimental paradigm in which conflicting images are presented to the individual eyes, to demonstrate plasticity in the neuronal mechanisms that convert visual information from two separated retinas into single perceptual experiences. Perception during binocular rivalry tended to initially consist of alternations between exclusive representations of monocularly defined images, but upon prolonged exposure, mixture percepts became more prevalent. The completeness of suppression, reflected in the incidence of mixture percepts, plausibly reflects the strength of inhibition that likely plays a role in binocular rivalry [<ce:cross-ref refid='bib2'>2</ce:cross-ref>]. Recovery of exclusivity was possible but required highly specific binocular stimulation. Documenting the prerequisites for these observed changes in perceptual exclusivity, our experiments suggest experience-driven plasticity at interocular inhibitory synapses, driven by the correlated activity (and also the lack thereof) of neurons representing the conflicting stimuli. This form of plasticity is consistent with a previously proposed but largely untested anti-Hebbian learning mechanism for inhibitory synapses in vision [<ce:cross-refs refid='bib3 bib4'>3, 4</ce:cross-refs>]. Our results implicate experience-driven plasticity as one governing principle in the neuronal organization of binocular vision.</P> <P><B>Graphical Abstract</B></P><P><ce:figure></ce:figure></P><P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Binocular rivalry reveals plasticity in binocular fusion ► Perceptual coherence deteriorates during extended visual rivalry ► We provide psychophysical evidence for plasticity in human vision ► Efficacy of interocular inhibition depends on recent perceptual history</P>
High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Joseph C Klink,Ranko Miocinovic,Cristina Magi Galluzzi,Eric A Klein 대한비뇨의학회 2012 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.53 No.5
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) has been established as a precursor to prostatic adenocarcinoma. HGPIN shares many morphological, genetic, and molecular signatures with prostate cancer. Its predictive value for the development of future adenocarcinoma during the prostate-specific antigen screening era has decreased, mostly owing to the increase in prostate biopsy cores. Nevertheless, a literature review supports that large-volume HGPIN and multiple cores of involvement at the initial biopsy should prompt a repeat biopsy of the prostate within 1 year. No treatment is recommended for HGPIN to slow its progression to cancer.