RFLP Analysis of cry1 and cry2 Genes of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from India

( Patel Ketan D. ),( Sanjay S. Ingle ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2012 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.22 No.6

The PCR-RFLP method has been useful for detection of known genes and identification of novel genes. In the present study, degenerate primers were designed from five groups of cry1 genes for PCR-RFLP analysis. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) isolates from different regions were evaluated for PCR amplification of various cry1 genes using newly designed primers and cry2 genes using reported primers. PCR analysis showed an abundance of cry1A genes and especially cry1Ac genes in isolates from all regions. RFLP analysis revealed the presence of multiple cry1A genes in isolates from central and southern regions. Unique digestion patterns of cry1A genes were observed in isolates from each region. Few of the isolates represented a digestion pattern of cry1A genes that did match to any of the known cry1A genes. RFLP analysis suggested an abundance of cry2Ab along with a novel cry2 gene in Bt isolates from different regions of India. Sequence analysis of the novel cry2 gene revealed 95% sequence identity to cry2Ab and cry2Ah genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the novel cry2 gene could have diverged earlier than the other cry2 genes. Our results encourage finding of more diverse cry2 genes in Bt isolates. Rarefaction analysis was used to compare cry1A gene diversity in isolates from different soil types. It showed a higher degree of cry1A gene diversity in isolates from central region. In the present study, we propose the use of novel degenerate primers for cry1 genes and the PCR-RFLP method using a single enzyme to distinguish multiple cry1A and cry2 genes as well as identify novel genes.

Delayed versus Delayed-Immediate Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Blinded Evaluation of Aesthetic Outcomes

Albino, Frank P.,Patel, Ketan M.,Smith, Jesse R.,Nahabedian, Maurice Y. Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2014 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.41 No.3

Background The technique of delayed-immediate breast reconstruction includes immediate insertion of a tissue expander, post-mastectomy radiation, followed by reconstruction. The aesthetic benefits of delayed-immediate reconstruction compared to delayed reconstruction are postulated but remain unproven. The purpose of this study was to compare aesthetic outcomes in patients following delayed and delayed-immediate autologous breast reconstruction. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all patients who underwent delayed or delayed-immediate autologous breast reconstruction by the senior author from 2005 to 2011. Postoperative photographs were used to evaluate aesthetic outcomes: skin quality, scar formation, superior pole contour, inferior pole contour, and overall aesthetic outcome. Ten non-biased reviewers assessed outcomes using a 5-point Likert scale. Fisher's Exact and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparative analysis. Results Patient age and body mass index were similar between delayed (n=20) and delayed-immediate (n=20) cohorts (P>0.05). Skin and scar quality was rated significantly higher in the delayed-immediate cohort (3.74 vs. 3.05, P<0.001 and 3.41 vs. 2.79, P<0.001; respectively). Assessment of contour-related parameters, superior pole and inferior pole, found significantly improved outcomes in the delayed-immediate cohort (3.67 vs. 2.96, P<0.001 and 3.84 vs. 3.06, P<0.001; respectively). Delayed-immediate breast reconstruction had a significantly higher overall score compared to delayed breast reconstructions (3.84 vs. 2.94, P<0.001). Smoking and the time interval from radiation to reconstruction were found to affect aesthetic outcomes (P<0.05). Conclusions Preservation of native mastectomy skin may allow for improved skin/scar quality, breast contour, and overall aesthetic outcomes following a delayed-immediate reconstructive algorithm as compared to delayed breast reconstruction.

Delayed versus Delayed-Immediate Autologous Breast Reconstruction: A Blinded Evaluation of Aesthetic Outcomes

Frank P Albino,Ketan M Patel,Jesse R Smith,Maurice Y Nahabedian 대한성형외과학회 2014 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.41 No.3

Background: The technique of delayed-immediate breast reconstruction includes immediate insertion of a tissue expander, post-mastectomy radiation, followed by reconstruction. The aesthetic benefits of delayed-immediate reconstruction compared to delayed reconstruction are postulated but remain unproven. The purpose of this study was to compare aesthetic outcomes in patients following delayed and delayed-immediate autologous breast reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of all patients who underwent delayed or delayed-immediate autologous breast reconstruction by the senior author from 2005 to 2011. Postoperative photographs were used to evaluate aesthetic outcomes: skin quality, scar formation, superior pole contour, inferior pole contour, and overall aesthetic outcome. Ten non-biased reviewers assessed outcomes using a 5-point Likert scale. Fisher’s Exact and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used for comparative analysis. Results: Patient age and body mass index were similar between delayed (n=20) and delayed-immediate (n=20) cohorts (P>0.05). Skin and scar quality was rated significantly higher in the delayed-immediate cohort (3.74 vs. 3.05, P<0.001 and 3.41 vs. 2.79, P<0.001; respectively). Assessment of contour-related parameters, superior pole and inferior pole, found significantly improved outcomes in the delayed-immediate cohort (3.67 vs. 2.96, P<0.001 and 3.84 vs. 3.06, P<0.001; respectively). Delayed-immediate breast reconstruction had a significantly higher overall score compared to delayed breast reconstructions (3.84 vs. 2.94, P<0.001). Smoking and the time interval from radiation to reconstruction were found to affect aesthetic outcomes (P<0.05). Conclusions: Preservation of native mastectomy skin may allow for improved skin/scar quality, breast contour, and overall aesthetic outcomes following a delayed-immediate reconstructive algorithm as compared to delayed breast reconstruction.

Limiting two-Higgs-doublet models

Broggio, Alessandro,Chun, Eung Jin,Passera, Massimo,Patel, Ketan M.,Vempati, Sudhir K. Springer-Verlag 2014 Journal of high energy physics Vol.2014 No.11

Superior Skin Penetration of Diclofenac from Dynapar QPS Plus as Compared to Diclofenac Aerosol Spray

Aamirraza Mansuri,Vivek Kumar Agarwal,Sanjay B Patel,Sohin K Zalavadiya,Ketan R Patel,Kanaiyalal D Prajapati 대한통증연구학회 2023 International Journal of Pain Vol.14 No.2

Background: The currently available topical diclofenac products do not provide effective penetration of diclofenac across the layers of skin. Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd, has developed Dynapar QPS PlusⓇ, a novel, topical formulation of diclofenac and compared its skin penetration with Diclofenac Aerosol Spray. Methods: In this randomized, two way crossover study, healthy human subjects (n = 8) received single dose of either 2 ml of Dynapar QPS Plus or approximately 4 gm of marketed Diclofenac Aerosol Spray. The blood samples were drawn at pre dose and up to 24 hours post dose. The plasma concentrations of Diclofenac was measured using validated LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method. Results: The mean Cmax after administration of Dynapar QPS Plus and Diclofenac Aerosol Spray were 102.945 ± 66.0109 and 15.885 ± 14.7750 ng/ml, respectively. Median Tmax for Dynapar QPS Plus was earlier compared to Diclofenac Aerosol Spray (7 hrs vs. 19 hrs). The mean AUC0-t after administration of Dynapar QPS Plus was significantly higher as compared to Diclofenac Aerosol Spray (AUC0-t: 855.289 ± 494.0262 vs. 149.707 ± 116.6317). Both the products were well tolerated and no adverse event occurred during the study. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that Dynapar QPS Plus is safe and provides faster and more than six times higher skin penetration of diclofenac in comparison to marketed Diclofenac Aerosol Spray. Due to faster and higher penetration of diclofenac, from Dynapar QPS Plus it is best suitable option to treat pain and inflammation related to acute as well chronic musculoskeletal disorders.