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Chronic Stress Induces Neurotrophin-3 in Rat Submandibular Gland
Juri Saruta,Keiichi Tsukinoki,Michitaro Iida,Yusuke Kondo,Masahiro To,Takashi Hayashi,Mayumi Hori,Sadao Sato 연세대학교의과대학 2012 Yonsei medical journal Vol.53 No.6
Purpose: Plasma neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) levels are associated with several neural disorders. We previously reported that neurotrophins were released from salivary glands following acute immobilization stress. While the salivary glands were the source of plasma neurotrophins in that situation, the association between the expression of neurotrophins and the salivary gland under chronic stress conditions is not well understood. In the present study, we investigated whether NT-3 levels in the salivary gland and plasma were influenced by chronic stress. Materials and Methods: Expressions of NT-3 mRNA and protein were characterized, using real-time polymerase chain reactions, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry,in the submandibular glands of male rats exposed to chronic stress (12 h daily for 22 days). Results: Plasma NT-3 levels were significantly increased by chronic stress (p<0.05), and remained elevated in bilaterally sialoadenectomized rats under the same condition. Since chronic stress increases plasma NT-3 levels in the sialoadenectomized rat model, plasma NT-3 levels were not exclusively dependent on salivary glands. Conclusion: While the salivary gland was identified in our previous study as the source of plasma neurotrophins during acute stress, the exposure to long-term stress likely affects a variety of organs capable of releasing NT-3 into the bloodstream. In addition, the elevation of plasma NT-3 levels may play important roles in homeostasis under stress conditions.
Evaluation of On-Board Ship Handling Training Using Salivary Amylase Activity
Kousaku Hama,Yui Matsuo,Koji Murai,Laurie C.Stone,Shin-ichi Wakida,Takashi Miyado,Keiichi Fukushi,Yuji Hayashi 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8
In Japan, an evaluation of on-board ship handling training depends on professionals who have a lot of experience on board. This style is common for human skill practices worldwide. However, it is difficult for a cadet to understand his progress, because real ship training includes every distraction; the same case never happens in his student life. On the other hand, the knowledge is easy to learn. We are looking for an evaluation method to support instructors’teaching methods and cadets’ progress. Salivary amylase activity shows stress levels in cadets, and we can measure it for one minute. This paper shows the cadet’s and the instructor’s salivary amylase activity together and demonstrates that the salivary amylase activity is a useful index.