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Current Update on Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy
Juliana E. Kim,이건우,Isaac Yi Kim 대한비뇨기종양학회 2023 대한비뇨기종양학회지 Vol.21 No.1
Immunotherapy encompasses a wide array of treatment modalities that utilize our natural defense system to fight against cancer and in recent years has contributed to significant improvement in survival and quality of life in patients. However, its use in prostate cancer has been limited due to low efficacy and lack of effective biomarkers. Prostate cancer’s unfavorable tumor microenvironment characterized by T-cell exclusion and expansion of T-reg cells, along with the possible inhibitory effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on the immune system further explains this poor response to immunotherapy. Here, we review current immunotherapies and ongoing clinical trials as well as potential biomarkers being investigated to predict treatment responses to immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the conflicting results on the best approach to sequencing immunotherapy in relation to ADT.
Isaac E. Kim Jr.,Daniel D. Kim,Juliana E. Kim,Elliott Rebello,David Chung,Parker Woolley,Daniel Lee,Brittany A. Borden,Aaron Wang,Douglas Villalta,Agatha Sutherland,Sebastian De Armas,Matthew Liu,Hann 한국의학교육학회 2022 Korean journal of medical education Vol.34 No.2
Purpose: Medical schools have faced various challenges in preparing their clinical students for the frontlines of a pandemic. This study investigated medical students’ satisfaction with their institutions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with the intention of guiding educators in future public health crises. Methods: In this cross-sectional study surveying students in clinical rotations, the primary outcome was overall satisfaction regarding medical schools’ responses to the pandemic, and the four secondary outcomes were school communication, exposure to COVID-19, availability of personal protective equipment, and access to COVID-19 testing. Results: The survey was distributed to ten medical schools, of which 430 students responded for a response rate of 13.0%. While most students were satisfied (61.9%, n=266) with their schools’ response, more than one in five (21.9%, n=94) were dissatisfied. Among the four secondary outcomes, communication with students was most predictive of overall satisfaction. Conclusion: In future crises, schools can best improve student satisfaction by prioritizing timely communication.