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Kim, Gil Won,Gutierrez-Suson, Jessie,Kim, Pil Joo Elsevier 2019 Field crops research Vol.237 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Excessive application of N fertilizer to rice results in water and atmospheric pollution including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, N fertilizer management needs to be optimized taking into account grain yield, global warming potential (GWP, Mg CO<SUB>2</SUB> eq. ha<SUP>−1</SUP>) and GHG intensity (GHGI, kg CO<SUB>2</SUB> eq. kg<SUP>−1</SUP> grain). However, the tradeoffs between the effects of N rate on rice grain yield, GWP and GHGI have not been adequately evaluated. Therefore, field experiments to determine the effect of N rate (as urea) on yield, GWP and GHGI were conducted in a typical flooded, transplanted rice paddy in a temperate environment. Methane (CH<SUB>4</SUB>) and nitrous oxide (N<SUB>2</SUB>O) emission rates were determined throughout the entire year (both during growing and fallow seasons) over two years. Rice grain yield showed a quadratic response to N rate, and the maximum yield (6.7–6.8 t ha<SUP>−1</SUP>) was achieved at 112–119 kg N ha<SUP>−1</SUP>, 50% higher than the yield of the control (0 kg N ha<SUP>−1</SUP>). Increasing N rate increased the seasonal N<SUB>2</SUB>O flux by 4.56–7.11 g N<SUB>2</SUB>O kg<SUP>−1</SUP> N, but N<SUB>2</SUB>O flux contributed less than 7% of the total GWP. The GWP was mainly determined by the CH<SUB>4</SUB> flux, which showed a relatively flat quadratic response to N rate, peaking at 124–138 kg N ha<SUP>−1</SUP>. Thus, GWP also showed a quadratic response to N rate, peaking at 122–130 kg N ha<SUP>−1</SUP>. The GHGI decreased as N rate increased and was the lowest (1.10–1.28 kg CO<SUB>2</SUB>-eq. kg<SUP>−1</SUP> grain yield) at 104–112 kg N ha<SUP>−1</SUP>, approximately 20% lower than GHGI in the 0 N treatment. In conclusion, the N rate for maximum yield was similar to the N rate for minimum GHGI, mainly because of the small effect of N rate on CH<SUB>4</SUB> emissions and the low magnitude of N<SUB>2</SUB>O emissions. Thus, GHGI was largely driven by grain yield, so the N rate for maximum grain yield was similar to the N rate for maximum GHGI. Proper N fertilization is essential in rice farming systems to increase crop productivity and reduce the global warming impact (GWP and GHGI).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Global warming potential (GWP), rice yield and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) all showed a quadratic responses to fertilizer N rate as urea. </LI> <LI> GWP and grain yield increased with increasing N rate to peak values at 122–130 and 115–121 kg N ha<SUP>−1</SUP>, respectively. </LI> <LI> GHGI decreased with increasing N rate to minimum values at 104–112 kg N ha<SUP>−1</SUP>. </LI> </UL> </P>
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