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Cotton Production and It's Economical Role in Pakistan
Jami, M.,Rha, Eui Shik 한국국제농업개발학회 2005 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.17 No.1
Cotton is the mainstay of Pakistan's economy. Cotton is the second most important cash crop of Pakistan, in terms of area and earning after wheat. It is cultivated over about 12 percent of the total cultivated area in the country and its output has been between 8 million and 10.7 million bales over the past 10 years, with an average of 9.3 million bales. Cotton is a major Kharif season crop and cultivated on silty loam soil, not high in sand or clay content. Pakistan is fourth largest cotton growers in the world and one of the largest exporter of cotton yarn in the world and a prominent exporter of cotton fabrics, garments and textile products. Cotton also play a vital role in Pakistan industry, in farmer's life in term of chase returns and provides employments to rural and urban population. This paper summarized the studies on the cotton crop in Pakistan which includes (1) cotton in Pakistan (2) cotton production techniques (3) role of cotton in Pakistan economy.
Performance based design approach for multi-storey concentrically braced steel frames
Jamie Goggins,Suhaib Salawdeh 국제구조공학회 2016 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.20 No.4
In this paper, a Performance Based Design (PBD) approach is validated for multi-storey concentrically braced frame (CBF) systems. Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD) procedure is used and validated by designing 4- and 12-storey CBF buildings. Nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA) is used to check the performance of the design methodology by employing different accelerograms having displacement spectra matching the design displacement spectrum. Displacements and drifts obtained from NLTHA are found to fall within the design displacement limits used in the DDBD procedure. In NLTHA, both tension and compression members are found to be resisting the base shear, <i>F<sub>b</sub></i>, not only the tension members as assumed in the design methodology and suggested by Eurocode 8. This is the reason that the total <i>F<sub>b</sub></i> in NLTHA is found to be greater than the design shear forces. Furthermore, it is found that the average of the maximum ductility values recorded from the time history analyses for the 4-and 12-storey buildings are close to the design ductility obtained from the DDBD methodology and ductility expressions established by several researchers. Moreover, the DDBD is compared to the Forced Based Design (FBD) methodology for CBFs. The comparison is carried out by designing 4 and 12-storey CBF buildings using both DDBD and FBD methodologies. The performance for both methodologies is verified using NLTHA. It is found that the <i>F<sub>b</sub></i> from FBD is larger than <i>F<sub>b</sub></i> obtained from DDBD. This leads to the use of larger sections for the structure designed by FBD to resist the lateral forces.
Constraining the Mass Loss Geometry of Beta Lyrae
Jamie R. Lomax 한국우주과학회 2012 Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences Vol.29 No.1
Massive binary stars lose mass by two mechanisms: jet-driven mass loss during periods of active mass transfer and by wind-driven mass loss. Beta Lyrae is an eclipsing, semi-detached binary whose state of active mass transfer provides a unique opportunity to study how the evolution of binary systems is affected by jet-driven mass loss. Roche lobe overflow from the primary star feeds the thick accretion disk which almost completely obscures the mass-gaining star. A hot spot predicted to be on the edge of the accretion disk may be the source of beta Lyrae’s bipolar outflows. I present results from spectropolarimetric data taken with the University of Wisconsin’s Half-Wave Spectropolarimeter and the Flower and Cook Observatory’s photoelastic modulating polarimeter instrument which have implications for our current understanding of the system’s disk geometry. Using broadband polarimetric analysis, I derive new information about the structure of the disk and the presence and location of a hot spot. These results place constraints on the geometrical distribution of material in beta Lyrae and can help quantify the amount of mass lost from massive interacting binary systems during phases of mass transfer and jet-driven mass loss.
Design of Digital FIR Filter Based on MCMAT for 12 bit ALU using DADDA & WALLACE Tree Multiplier
Jami Venkata Suman,D. G. Jignash,B. I. Neelgar 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.7 No.6
Over a period of time, there are different types of multipliers used to minimize cost of constructive parameters in digital FIR filter design in different forms. In these multipliers truncated multiplier design play’s an essential role. Due to multiple adders and delay elements the circuit in transpose form occupies more area and consumes power. In the proposed method effectiveness in different parameters are achieved with low cost, high speed and effective results are done by faithfully rounded truncated multipliers with operations of carry save adder. Direct form of FIR filter utilizes based on MCMAT for multiplication and accumulation operations; it will reduce the area by decreasing the number of different components like structural adders and registers. By using MCMAT operation in the digital FIR filters, optimal results can be obtained in terms of power and area specifications. The proposed 12 bit Arithmetic and Logic Unit is designed along with MCMAT based digital FIR filter for reducing area and increasing speed in real time applications.