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Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function in the Elderly persons
Ja Pung Koo,Ok Kon Moon 국제물리치료학회 2012 Journal of International Academy of Physical Ther Vol.3 No.2
The Goal of this study was to assess the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function of elderly people. The participants' cognitive functions were measured before exercise. Exercise was practiced three times a week for nine weeks. The aerobic exercises consisted of warm-up exercises for five minutes followed by cycling for 30 minutes. The exercise intensity was set to 65%~75% of the intensity for the maximum heart rate(220-age). The control group did not perform any exercises. The subjects' cognitive functions were measured nine weeks later. In the aerobic exercise group, between before and after the exercises, significant increases appeared in total K-MMSE scores and scores of some sub items comprising memory registration, concentration and calculation abilities but not in other items. In the control group, no significant differences appeared in any items between before and after the experiment. In a comparison between the aerobic exercise group and the control group, significant differences appeared in total K-MMSE scores and scores of two sub items comprising concentration and calculation abilities but not in other items(p<.05). Aerobic exercises were effective in the improvement of cognitive functions and among sub items of cognitive functions, concentration and calculating abilities were improved. Aerobic exercises performed by elderly persons are considered to be effective in improving cognitive functions.
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구자건(Ja-kon Koo) 한국환경사회학회 2003 환경사회학연구 ECO Vol.5 No.-
Since large national projects exert significant impact on neighboring regions during the construction and operation processes, the central and local governments make efforts to minimize negative impacts on environment through legal measures such as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). <br/> Among large development projects, those of the Government and public institutions with the total budget of more than 50 billion won can be executed only when the feasibility of the project has been tested through the preliminary feasibility study. Multi-purpose dams, which are public structures that can supply water, produce electricity and control flood, belong to large national projects that require legal evaluation procedures such as preliminary feasibility study and EIA. The projects of constructing multi-purpose dams that were actively executed in the 1970s in Korea face difficulties now due to oppositions from local residents and authorities as well as environmental organizations (since the EIA system has been implemented in 1981, the social conditions have been changed with the implementation of local government systems in 1988, and resident's opinions have to included in Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) after 1997).<br/> Since the construction of dams are public projects that can have a significant social impact, the World Commission on Dams (WCD) has studied international cases in seven countries and announced the report of the results in 2000. In Korea, however, the study of the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) on dams is in the rudimentary stage and assessment elements and indexes, methodologies, and guidelines are not developed sufficiently yet.<br/> The present study is to practically develop the methodology of SIA for dam construction, particularly evaluation indexes that can be utilized when dam construction plans are established, and describes the SIA methodology mainly with the results of surveys on 30 experts of environment and water resources. The result of the survey shows that it is effective in preventing social conflicts to assess environmental impact in the plan stage such as [the long term dam construction plan] rather than in the [policy or project] stage, according to experts. For example, an assessment index that should be considered to be important in dam plan and construction is the frequency of generating settlers.
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구자건(Ja-Kon Koo),유재연(Jae-Yeon Yu) 한국환경사회학회 2012 환경사회학연구 ECO Vol.16 No.2
‘지속가능성 보고’ 또는 ‘지속가능경영 보고서’는 지속가능한 발전을 위한 조직의 성과를 측정, 공개하고 이해관계자에게 그에 걸맞은 책임을 약속하는 활동을 의미한다. 지속가능보고서의 경우 제3자 검증을 거치지만, 보고서 간행 국제기준의 부합성 여부와 내용의 충실성을 일반인이 판단하기는 쉽지 않은 편이다. 본 연구는 국내 기업의 업종별 지속가능경영 수준을 비교 평가하기 위한 목적을 가지고 실시되었다. 국내 15개 업종별 지속가능성 보고서를 기초로 GRI(Global Reporting Initiatives) G3 Guideline 기준 부합도 및 내용의 충실 정도를 비교 평가하였다. 그리고 해당 결과를 통해 지속가능 우수 업종을 판단하여 업종별 수행 미흡 지표분석 및 향후 지속가능성 보고의 발전방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 국내 기업의 업종별 지속가능경영 수준을 비교 평가하기 위해 2010-2011년에 간행된 각 업종별 기업들의 지속가능성 보고서를 수집한 후 ‘원료’, ‘에너지’, ‘생물다양성’, ‘대기오염 물질과 폐수 및 폐기물’, ‘기타’ 등 GRI G3 가이드라인 환경지표(EN)에 기준한 6개 지표로 평가하였다. 적합성 및 충실도를 5점 척도에 적용 산출한 후 그 결과를 비교 평가하였다. 국내 기업의 환경부문 지속가능 경영 수준을 각 업종별 지속가능성 보고서를 통해 분석한 결과 대형유통업 > 철도운수업 > 금융업 > 생활용품제조업 > 전기전자제품제조업 > 종합건설업 > 정유업 = 자동차제조업 > 공기업A(국토해양부 산하) > 발전업 > 공기업B(지식경제부 산하) > 기계제조업 > 항공운수업 > 보험업 > 제철업 순으로 나타났다. 지속가능보고서 작성 기준의 체계화를 위해 GRI 가이드라인의 보완, 명확한 경계의 설정과 핵심지표와 부가지표의 수정이 필요하다. ‘Sustainability report’ is an activity which ensures the responsibility of the organization by measuring and disclosing the performance of the organization to the stakeholder for sustainable development. Generally, a sustainability report is verified by a third party but determining the compatibility and fidelity of the report according to international standards cannot be easily determined by the general public. This study aims to compare the sustainability level of Korean domestic businesses according to industry and this comparative evaluation was made based on the sustainability reports of 15 different domestic businesses according to the GRI (Global Reporting Initiatives) G3 Guidelines. Then through the appropriate results, sustainable leading businesses were determined. Eventually, this study aims to analyze the unsatisfactory aspects and to propose the future developmental direction of the sustainability report. In order to determine and compare the sustainability level of domestic businesses, sustainability reports from 2010 to 2011 were collected and assessed according to 6 types of indexes from the GRI (Global Reporting Initiatives) G3 Guidelines EN (Environmental Indexes) which include Materials, Energy, Water, Biodiversity, Emissions/Effluent and Waste and Miscellaneous. The level of fidelity and conformity were calculated based on a 5-point scale and the resulting order of the sustainability level of domestic businesses is as follows: Large distribution > Railway transportation > Financial business > Household item manufacturing > Electronics manufacturing > Construction industry > Refining industry = Car manufacturing > Public enterprise group A(Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs-affiliated organizations) > Electricity generation > Public enterprise group B(Ministry of Knowledge Economy-affiliated organizations) > Machinery manufacturing > Air transportation > Insurance business > Iron industry. It is required to reform the GRI guideline more systematically and to revise the report boundary and indices clearly.
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구자건 ( Ja Kon Koo ),김상호 ( Sang Ho Kim ),윤고산 ( Ko San Yoon ),강현재 ( Hyun Jae Kang ),정종철 ( Jeong Jong Chul ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2012 환경영향평가 Vol.21 No.3
This study was conducted to analyze the weight factors for siting the electric facilities using Analytic Heirarchy Process technique participating the stakeholders, Siting the electric facilities has been a dispute of long standing because of landscape damage, geological deformation and various environmental problems such as electromagnetic effect to human health. For analyzing the weight factors by AHP technique, the questionnaire process was applied to the fifteen committee members including representatives of resident, academic experts, members of local assembly, officers of local government, journalists, etc. in Gangwondo, Korea, Weight factors for siting the electric facilities by AHP committee members resulted in residential areas 35.06%, cultural assets 16.68%, landscape conservation 13.11%, large-scale ecological corridor 10.17%, connectability of electric transmission line 8.32% respectively, The distance from residential areas was the most important factor preferred by committee members for siting the electric facilities.
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Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function in the Elderly persons
Koo, Ja Pung,Moon, Ok Kon International Academy of Physical Therapy Research 2012 Journal of International Academy of Physical Ther Vol.3 No.2
The Goal of this study was to assess the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function of elderly people. The participants' cognitive functions were measured before exercise. Exercise was practiced three times a week for nine weeks. The aerobic exercises consisted of warm-up exercises for five minutes followed by cycling for 30 minutes. The exercise intensity was set to 65%~75% of the intensity for the maximum heart rate(220-age). The control group did not perform any exercises. The subjects' cognitive functions were measured nine weeks later. In the aerobic exercise group, between before and after the exercises, significant increases appeared in total K-MMSE scores and scores of some sub items comprising memory registration, concentration and calculation abilities but not in other items. In the control group, no significant differences appeared in any items between before and after the experiment. In a comparison between the aerobic exercise group and the control group, significant differences appeared in total K-MMSE scores and scores of two sub items comprising concentration and calculation abilities but not in other items(p<.05). Aerobic exercises were effective in the improvement of cognitive functions and among sub items of cognitive functions, concentration and calculating abilities were improved. Aerobic exercises performed by elderly persons are considered to be effective in improving cognitive functions.
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