On Plural Anaphora

( Kiyoshi Ishikawa ) 한국언어정보학회 1998 국제 워크샵 Vol.1998 No.-

In order to formulate truth-conditionally satisfactory semantics in a compost-tional manner, model-theoretic semanticists sometimes posit morphology-semantics mismatches. Among them are Kamp and Reyle (1993), who occasionally ignore English plural morphology in constructing their analysis of anaphora. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate that natural language morphology is a better guide for a compositional semantics than Kamp and Ryle assume. By refining the semantics of plurality put forth in Ishikawa (1995a), we construct an analysis of plural anaphora in a way that respects English plural morphology. Our results suggest that natural language morphology is not as redundant as usually assumed.

Lexicogrammar of the L2 English Essays Written by Asian College Students: A Corpus-Based Study

Shin’ichiro Ishikawa 아시아테플 2024 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.21 No.1

本研究においては、中間言語対照分析(Granger, 1996, 2015)および多次元分析法(Biber, 1988) という2つの手法を組み合わせ、International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE; Ishikawa, 2023)から採取されたアジア圏大学生(中国・インドネシア・日本・大韓 民国・台湾・タイ)および英語母語話者の作文を比較した。次元スコア・主要語彙文法特性 ・クラスタリング・統計的分類に基づく分析により、学習者の作文は母語話者のものより情 報性・語り性・明示的表出性・抽象性・時間制約性が低く、学習者の作文の語彙文法特性は 習熟度よりも国・地域に影響されていること、学習者作文は口語的・個人的、対人的・説得 的、静的・描写的動的・反芻的の4 タイプに分類されることなどが示された。これらの結果 は、アジア圏学習者のL2英語使用の理解に新しい光を投げかけるものである。

韓国学習者の日本語動詞獲得モデル: 学習者総体モデルとの比較 ― 「多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス」の絵描写作文を用いた検証 ―

石川慎一郎 ( Shin’ichiro¸ Ishikawa ) 한국일어교육학회 2021 일본어교육연구 Vol.- No.56

本論文では「多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス」(I-JAS)に含まれる韓国学習者(KLJ)による絵描写作文を習熟度レベルごとに分析し、KLJの動詞獲得過程のモデル化を試みた。分析結果は、同コーパスに含まれる海外日本語学習者の総体(WLJ)データを分析した石川(2021)と比較された。RQ1(動詞使用量)については、習熟度別に見た場合、KLJとWLJともに逆U字型のパタンを示すことが確認された。RQ2(マーカー動詞)に関して、母語話者との比較の結果、KLJが使用できない動詞には(a)複合動詞,(b)慣用動詞、(c)否定的ニュアンスを含む動詞など、KLJのみが使用する動詞には(d)意思·意図に関する誤用、(e)文脈の不適合、(f)複合動詞要素の誤用、(g)不要な内容の言語化などが含まれ、いずれもWLJと同じパタンを示すことが確認された。RQ3(習熟度分類)については、KLJの動詞獲得がⅠ(存在動詞·移動動詞など)→Ⅱ(動詞の拡張)→Ⅲ(複合動詞成分·アスペクト成分·サ変動詞など)→Ⅳ(高度な複合動詞成分·変化動詞など)の4段階に区分され、ほぼWLJに重なることが示された。RQ4(習熟度推定)については、7種の動詞(入る·為る·見る·仕舞う·知る·来る·入れる)の使用頻度によって習熟度を63%の精度で予測できるが、予測モデルに含まれる動詞はWLJの場合とは異なることが示された。動詞獲得におけるKLJの固有特性は限定的で、KLJの特徴の大部分は日本語学習者全般の特徴であると言える。この点をふまえれば、日本語学習者コーパス研究においては、L1差よりもL2習熟度差を優先した分析が必要だと考えられる。 Using the International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I-JAS), this study analyzed the picture description essays written by Korean learners of Japanese (KLJ) at different L2 proficiency levels to explore the process of their acquisition of L2 Japanese verbs. The results were compared to the verb acquisition process of the whole learners of Japanese (WLJ) reported in Ishikawa (2021). The corpus-based analyses showed that (1) an inverted U pattern existed in terms of the number of tokens/ types of the verbs used in the essays for both KLJ and WLJ, (2) when compared to the verb usage of Japanese native-speakers (JNS), some verbs were used only by JNS and others only by KLJ, and these “marker” verbs were almost the same for KLJ and WLJ, (3) KLJ’s verb acquisition process could be subdivided into four stages: 1 (existential verbs/ verbs of moving), 2 (a greater variety of verbs), 3 (composite verbs and aspectual verbs), and 4 (complex composite verbs and verbs of change), which were almost identical to the patterns for WLJ, and (4) KLJ’s L2 proficiency could be explained by the frequency of seven types of verbs (hairu, suru, miru, shimau, shiru, kuru, ireru) with 63% accuracy, though these verbs were different from a set of verbs adopted in the regression model for WLJ. These findings corroborated that KLJ’s verb acquisition pattern did not differ much from the pattern for WLJ, which may suggest the need for the Japanese learner corpus studies focusing on learners’ L2 proficiency rather than on their L1 types.

Effect of shear wall location in rigid frame on earthquake response of roof structure

Ishikawa, Koichiro,Kawasaki, Yoshizo,Tagawa, Kengo Techno-Press 2001 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.11 No.6

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the shear wall location in rigid frames on the dynamic behavior of a roof structure due to vertical and horizontal earthquake motions. The study deals with a gabled long span beam supported by two story rigid frames with shear walls. The earthquake response analysis is carried out to study the responses of the roof: vibration mode, natural period, bending moment and horizontal shear force of the bearings. The study results in the following conclusions: First, a large horizontal stiffness difference between the side frames is caused by the shear wall location, which results in a large vertical vibration of the roof and a large shear force at the side bearings. Second, in this case, the seismic design method for ordinary buildings is not useful in determining the distribution of the static equivalent loads for the seismic design of this kind of long span structures.

Presynaptic N-type and P/Q-type Ca²⁺channels mediating synaptic transmission at the calyx of Held of mice : Presynaptic N- and P/Q-type Ca²⁺currents

Ishikawa, Taro,Kaneko, Masahiro,Shin, Hee-Sup,Takahashi, Tomoyuki Wiley (The Physiological Society) 2005 The Journal of physiology Vol.568 No.1

<P>At the nerve terminal, both N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels mediate synaptic transmission, with their relative contribution varying between synapses and with postnatal age. To clarify functional significance of different presynaptic Ca2+ channel subtypes, we recorded N-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ currents directly from calyces of Held nerve terminals in alpha1A-subunit-deficient mice and wild-type (WT) mice, respectively. The most prominent feature of P/Q-type Ca2+ currents was activity-dependent facilitation, which was absent for N-type Ca2+ currents. EPSCs mediated by P/Q-type Ca2+ currents showed less depression during high-frequency stimulation compared with those mediated by N-type Ca2+ currents. In addition, the maximal inhibition by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen was greater for EPSCs mediated by N-type channels than for those mediated by P/Q-type channels. These results suggest that the developmental switch of presynaptic Ca2+ channels from N- to P/Q-type may serve to increase synaptic efficacy at high frequencies of activity, securing high-fidelity synaptic transmission.</P>

Genetic Backgroung to Allergic Rhinitis

Ishikawa, Takeru Korean Rhinologic Society 1999 Journal of rhinology Vol.6 No.1

Agreement Target Situations

( Ishikawa Kiyoshi ) 한국언어정보학회 1995 국제 워크샵 Vol.1995 No.-

We analyze number agreement in English in the version of Situa-tion Semantics I put forth in [1]. We propose two theoretical notions, agreement target situations and relevance of situations. We propose that structural constraints shift the former in a way governed by the latter. Our analysis shows that number agreement reflects our knowl-edge about the structure of the world and the speaker``s interests in the discourse.

Symbiotic Microorganisms in Aphids (Homoptera, Insecta): A Secret of One Thriving Insect Group

Ishikawa, Hajime The Korean Society for Integrative Biology 2001 Korean journal of biological sciences Vol.5 No.3

Most, if not all, aphids harbor intracellular bacterial symbionts, called Buchnera, in their bacteriocytes, huge cells differentiated for this purpose. The association between Buchnera and aphids is so intimate, mutualistic and obligate that neither of them can any longer reproduce independently. Buchnera are vertically transmitted through generations of the host insects. Evidence suggests that Buchnera were acquired by a common ancestor of aphids 160-280 million years ago, and have been diversified, since then, in parallel with their aphid hosts. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that Buchnera belong to the g subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Although Buchnera are close relatives of Escherichia coli, they contain move than 100 genomic copies per cell, and their genome size is only one seventh that of E. coli. The complete genome sequence of Buchnera revealed that their gene repertoire is quite different from those of parasitic bacteria such as Mycoplasma, Rickettsia and Chlamydia, though their genome sizes have been reduced to a similar extent. Whereas these parasitic bacteria have lost most genes for the biosynthesis of amino acids, Buchnera retain many of them. In particular, Buchnera's gene repertoire is characteristic in the richness of the genes for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids that the eukaryotic hosts are not able to synthesize, reflecting a nutritional role played by these symbionts. Buchnera, when housed in the bacteriocyte, selectively synthesize a large amount of symbionin, which is a homolog of GroEL, the major stress protein of E. coli. Symbionin not only functions as molecular chaperone, like GroEL, but also has evolutionarily acquired the phosphotransferase activity through amino acid substitutions. Aphids usually profit from Buchnera's fuction as a nutritional supplier and, when faced with an emergency, consume the biomass of Buchnera cells as nutrient reserves.

Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of One C₃and Two C₄Chenopodiaceae Plants to Three CO₂Concentration Conditions

Ishikawa, Shin-Ichi 한국생태학회 2008 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.31 No.4

Growth and photosynthetic responses of one C₃and two C₄plants in the family Chenopodiaceae in three CO₂concentration ([CO₂]) conditions-low (about 243 μmol mol-1, LC), present (about 378, PC), and high (about 465, HC)-were investigated in open top chambers. The relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate in the C₃plant, Chenopodium album, increased with increasing [CO₂], though the RGR was not enhanced significantly in the HC condition. The leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio of the C₃plant drastically decreased with increasing [CO₂], suggesting that the C₃plant invests more biomass to leaves in lower [CO₂] conditions. The two C₄plants, Atriplex glauca and A. lentiformis, showed relatively small changes in those growth parameters. These photosynthetic-pathway-dependent responses suggest that growth patterns of C₃and C₄plants have been altered by past increases in atmospheric [CO₂] but that there will be relatively little further alteration in the future high-CO₂world. Growth and photosynthetic responses of one C₃and two C₄plants in the family Chenopodiaceae in three CO₂concentration ([CO₂]) conditions-low (about 243 μmol mol-1, LC), present (about 378, PC), and high (about 465, HC)-were investigated in open top chambers. The relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate in the C₃plant, Chenopodium album, increased with increasing [CO₂], though the RGR was not enhanced significantly in the HC condition. The leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio of the C₃plant drastically decreased with increasing [CO₂], suggesting that the C₃plant invests more biomass to leaves in lower [CO₂] conditions. The two C₄plants, Atriplex glauca and A. lentiformis, showed relatively small changes in those growth parameters. These photosynthetic-pathway-dependent responses suggest that growth patterns of C₃and C₄plants have been altered by past increases in atmospheric [CO₂] but that there will be relatively little further alteration in the future high-CO₂world.

Common people involved with the Chosun Expo, as seen form visual records

ISHIKAWA Atsuko 서울대학교 환경대학원 2017 環境論叢 Vol.60 No.-