Study on the Growth Pattern of Gayals (Bos Frontalis) and their Crossbred Calves

Huque, K.S.,Rahman, M.M.,Jalil, M.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.9

A study was conducted with 14 gayals to study their growth pattern from birth to 24 months of age, and gayal was compared with native calves and crossbred calves of gayals and exotic animals. A significant difference in liveweight gains up to 3 months (p<0.001) or up to 6 months (p<0.05) was found between gayal and native calves, but the difference reduced with increase of age and found non-significant (p>0.05) at 9 months and 12 months. The daily liveweight gain up to 3, 6, 9 or 12 months of age of gayals were 404.60, 306.80, 315.20 and 312.20 g/d, respectively and of native calves were 217.3, 245.3, 262.0 and 269.0 g/d, respectively. Gayal female calves had lower weights at birth (20.2 kg) and weaning (81.8 kg) and daily liveweight gains (298.5 g/d) than males (24.3 kg, 84.0 kg and 317.8 g/d, respectively) but the differences were not significant (p>0.05). Cross breeding gayal cows with Friesian bulls increased daily liveweight gain of the crossbred calves. The rate of increase of daily liveweight gain may further be increased if gayals are crossed with beef type animals, and optimum feeding may also be required which needs further research.

Study on Forage Crop Production on Sloping Land and in Bangladesh

Huque, K.S.,Rahman, M.M.,Talukder, A.I. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.7

Three perennial grasses, Napier (Pennisetum purpureum), Andropogan (Andropogan gayanus) and Para (Brachiria mutica), were grown at different hill heights dividing the hill slope into three regions (top, middle and bottom). The first two grasses gave the highest biomass yields (29.9 and 37.6 tonnes/ha/harvest, respectively) followed by Para (20.5 t/ha). No significant (p>0.05) changes in biomass yields of the grasses were found due to differences in hill heights. The grasses were harvested three times in the first year of cultivation. Maize and cowpea as sole crops or their intercrops were cultivated in the plain land and the intercrop gave the highest biomass yield (46.7 t/ha, p<0.05). The biomass produced was successfully ensiled in the underground pits at the hill tops.

THE EFFECT OF CHICK SEPARATION ON PRODUCTIVITY OF THE HEN AND CHICK

Huque, Q.M.E.,Ebadul, M.H.,Rigor, E.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.2

A CRD experiment with unequal numbers of hens were assigned at random to three treatment groups, 1) separation of chicks from hen at 21 days after hatching 2) separation of chicks from hen at 7 days and 3) hens were allowed to brood the chicks(no separation) up to 10 weeks of age, to determine the productive and reproductive performance of hens and their chicks. The mean cycle length (one hatch to another) was 72.8 days for the 7-day group as compared with 87.7 days and 83.4 days for the 21-day and the no separation groups, respectively (p<.0l). The broody period was 28.5 days for the 7-day group compared with 43.9 and 42.6 days for the 21 days and the no separation groups, respectively (p<.0l). The end of the broody period to the start of lay varied from 8.0 to 8.7 days. The number of eggs laid per clutch were 12.3 for the 21-day group, compared with 11.5 and 10.1 for the 7-day and no separation groups, respectively (p<.05). This is due to the longer (p<.05) clutch length of the 21-day group as compared with the 7-day and no separation groups, respectively. The chicks separated from the hens at 21 and 7 days were heavier (p<.01) than the chicks not separated from the hens. Mortalities were highest (p<.05) for chicks separated at 7 days as compared with chicks separated at 21 days and those not separated. We concluded that separating chicks at 7 days from the hen gave the shortest cycle length and broody period, separating the chicks at 21 days gave the longest clutch length and the maximum number of eggs, separating the chicks at 21 and 7 days resulted in heavier chicks and separating the chicks at 7 days resulted in the highest mortality.

THE TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES OF SOME SELECTED FEEDSTUFFS OF BANGLADESH

Huque, Q.M.E.,Kosaka, K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1996 Animal Bioscience Vol.9 No.5

An experiment was conducted to measure the true metabolizable energy (TME) values of seven major poultry feed ingredients, two feed concentrates and one randomly collected layer mixed feed prepared from the available feed ingredients. The results of this study were the most thorough evaluation of the TME content of some selected common feed ingredients of Bangladesh. The observed TME values of some feed ingredients were very close to the values of different origins of feed ingredients. But the TME values measured in mixed layer feed were very low which could not support the standard requirement of laying birds. There values will be of assistance in describing the energy content of the most common available feed ingredients of Bangladesh.

Study on Supplementing Effects or Feeding Systems of Molasses and Urea on Methane and Microbial Nitrogen Production in the Rumen and Growth Performances of Bulls Fed a Straw Diet

Huque, K.S.,Chowdhury, S.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1997 Animal Bioscience Vol.10 No.1

An experiment with growing bulls were conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of a straw (S) with 15% molasses and 3% urea as an intimate mix (UMS) on its dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility (DMD) and reduction of methane ($CH_4$) production from fermentation in vitro of the straw. In the next experiment, the feeding of the UMS was compared with that of the feeding of molasses and urea in meals (DS) or in lick blocks (DSUMB) as supplements to straw. The UMS feeding increased daily intake of straw DM ($89.5 g{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}$, p < 0.01) and digestible crude protein (DCP 333 g, p < 0.001) and nitrogen (N) balances ($508mg{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, p < 0.01) of the bulls than the feeding of 'S' ($65g{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}$, 55 g and $8.0mg{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, respectively). It also increased the digestibility of DM ($594g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.05), organic matter (OM, $641g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.05), CP ($619g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre (ADF, 773, p < 0.05). The $CH_4$ emitted per g of DOM apparently fermented in the rumen (DOMR) was 91.0 ml in the 'S' and reduced (p < 0.05) to 61.6 ml in the UMS. The feeding of the UMS when compared with that of the DS or DSUMB also gave a higher straw intake (1.77% of live weight, LW, p <0.01) and ADF digestibility ($516g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.05) than the other diets (1.52% or 1.55% LW and 472 or $490g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively) in association with the increased microbial N yield in the rumen (14.1, 5.62 or $17.0g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DOMR, respectively, p < 0.05), daily LW gains (233, 125 or 93 g, respectively, p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratios of the diets (26.0, 56.1, or 57.6 g feed/g LW gain, p > 0.05, respectively). It can be concluded that molasses and urea feeding as an intimate mix with straw (UMS) increased its digestion and intake in association with a reduced methane emissions in the rumen. When compared with that of their feeding in meals or in lick blocks as supplements to straw the UMS gave the highest straw in take and digestion and live weight gains of growing bulls concurring the finding that the UMS system may be the best way of molasses and urea feeding to ruminants fed straws.

옥수수개체군의 일차생산성과 물질경제. - 3. 건물생산과 (乾物生産) 인경제

Huque M . Anwarul,송승달 (Seung Dal Song) 한국식물학회 1981 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.24 No.1

Phosphorus dynamics in terms of specific absorption rate, inflow and outflow rates, turnover rate, demand and supply, and utility index of a high yield Zea mays L. cv. Bokgyo field were evaluated using an analysis of successive production structures. The analysis was adopted for measuring quantitative changes in the population by stratified clip technique on every two weeks during the growing season. The seasonal trends of specific absorption rate (2.4㎎ P/g/day in maximum) and specific absorption efficiency (0.03) closely correlated with that of relative growth rate of the population. The overall inflow and outflow of phosphorus was 3.41g P/㎡/yr showing the maximum inflow of 2.99g p/㎡/month in July. While the maximum phosphorus standing crop was 1.4g P/㎡ showing the maximum turnover rate of 178% in late June. The accumulation of phosphorus along plant height declined monotonically in stems and roots but increased in foliage after heading. The proportions of the total annual demand of phosphorus were 24.4% for leaves, 22.5% for stems, 49.6% for fruits and 3.5% for roots. These demands were met with internal (18.2%) and external (81.8%) supples. The seasonal highest phosphorus utility index was 1,091 in early June, while the average value was 655.

Primary Productivity and Matter Economy of a Zea mays L. "Bok gyo" Population : Ⅰ. Growth Analysis and Primary Productivity (With 1 Table and 9 Figures) Ⅰ. 生長解析 및 一次生産性 分析

Huque, M. Anwarul,Song, Seung-Dal 慶北大學校 새마을硏究所 1980 農村과 科學 Vol.3 No.-

自然狀態의 圃場條件에 있어서 옥수수個體群의 生育過程에 따른 生長解析과 生産構造의 變遷을 活用하여 乾物量, 窒素 및 燐의 動態를 究明하며 太陽에너지 利用效率 및 物質經濟의 效率을 向上시킬수 있는 基礎資料를 얻었다. 生育期間中 個體群의 最大 草長, 葉面積指數 및 現存量은 各各 180cm, 4.8 및 1,754g DM/㎡였으며, 最大의 相對生長率, 純同化率 및 群落生長速度는 各各 0.157%/day, 0,122g DM/d㎡/day, 및 51.23g DM/㎡/day였다. 生育期間中 總乾物 生産量은 2,233gDM/㎡/年 으로서 葉 15.5%, 莖 33.9% 및 種實에 37%의 分配律을 보였다. 그리고 葉面積指數, 純同化率 및 群落生長速度는 平均溫度 및 相對濕度와 正의 相關을 보였으며, 日射量 및 降雨量에 대해서는 負의 相關을 보였다. 한편 相對生長率과 葉面積比는 이와 반대의 相關을 보였다. 乾物量의 平均現存量에 대한 最大 流入量은 163.2%/月이었으며, 太陽에너지의 最大利用效率은 8.33%이였고, 平均利用效率은 2.97%로서 他 植物에 比해서 큰 값이었다. The maxima of dry matter standing crop, plant height, and LAI were 1754gDM/㎡, 180cm, and 4.8, respectively. The dependence of DM accumulation on the sum of air temperature was evidently well approximated at an exponential relation. The LAI uninterruptedly increased to the maximum of 4.8 in July. While NAR increased gradually to the maximum of 0.122gDM/d㎡/day in early July. CGR was directly proportional to LAI, the maximum of 51.23g/m^2/day appearing before LAI reached its maximum. RGR steadily attained and maintained a maximum of 0.157% in June, then rapidly declined before CGR and NAR reached their maxima. LAI, NAR and CGR appeared to be correlated positively with the in mean air temperature and relative humidity, and negatively with daily solar radiation and precipitation, while LAR and RGR showed reverse relationship. But again these were independent of the maxima of climatic factors after they achieved their respective maxima. Net DM production was 2233gDM/㎡/year^*, whose annual^* distribution ratios were, 15.5% to leaves, 33.9% to stems, 13.5% to roots, and 37.0% to reproductive organs. The maximum ^rin of 163.2%/month appeared in June, while the ^rout had a delayed appearance in late June. And the trend of ^rin appeared to be correlated with that of RGR. The overall Eu was 2.97% and the highest Eu of 8.33%, might partly be attributed to the geometeorological characteristics of the experimental field.

Primary Productivity and Matter Economy of a Red Bean, Phaseolus angularis W. Plant Population : Ⅲ. Nitrogen Dynamics in Relation to Dry Matter Production Ⅲ. 乾物生産과 窒素動態

Huque, M. Anwarul,Song, Seung-Dal 경북대학교 1981 새마을 硏究論叢 Vol.1 No.-

팥個體群의 生育過程에 따른 窒素動態 卽 吸收率, inflow 및 outflow率, 需要와 供給量, 利用指數 등을 每 2週 간격의 層別刈取法에 의해 群落生産構造의 連續的 變化를 分析하여 測定하였다. 個體群의 窒素의 吸收率(最大値, 0.93N/g·DM/day)과 吸收效率(最大値, 0.93%)의 季節的 變化樣式은 RGR, NAR 및 LAR과 유사한 傾向을 보였다. 個體群의 年間總窒素의 流入量 또는 流出量은 29.9gN/m^2로서 月別最大値는 6月中旬에 13.5gN/m^2/月였다. 한편 最大窒素現存量은 8月末에 25.7gN/m^2로서 最大 turnover率은 6月에 130%였다. 個體群의 莖部, 根部 및 根粒의 窒素축적량은 age에 따라 감소하였다. 年間 窒素需要量에 대한 個體群의 各器官別 分配律은 葉部에 46.8%, 莖部 20.4%, 根部에 4.6%, 根粒에 0.4% 및 種實에 28.4%였고 總窒素供給量中 個體群內部의 轉流量과 外部로부터의 吸收量의 比는 各各 10%와 90%였다. 팥個體群의 最大窒素利用指數는 9月中旬에 82.8이였다. Nitrogen dynamics in terms of specific absorption rate, inflow and outflow rates, demand and supply, and utility index of a red bean, Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight, population, were evaluated using an analysis of successive production structures. The analysis was adopted for measuring quantitative changes in the population applying stratified clip technique on every two weeks through the growing season. The seasonal trends of specific absorption rate (0.93gN/g.r.DM/day in maximum) and specific absorption efficiency(0.93 in maximum) appeared to be closely related with RGR, NAR, and LAR of this population. The overall inflow and outflow of nitrogen was 29.9gN/m^2/year showing the maximum inflow of 13.5gN/m^2/month in mid-July. While the maximum nitrogen standing crop was 25.7gN/m^2 in late August, attaining a maximum turnover rate of 130% in early June. The accumulation of nitrogen in nodules, roots, and stems declined with advancing age. The proportions of the total annual demand of nitrogen were 46.8% to leaves, 20.4% to stems, 4.6% to roots, 0.4% to nodules, and 28.4% to fruits. These demands were met with internal (10%) and external (90%) supplies. The seasonal highest nitrogen utility index was 82.8 in mid-September.

Nitrogen Dynamics of a Clover, Trifolium repens L. Community in a Semi-natural Grassland

Huque, M.Anwarul,Song, Seung-Dal 경북대학교 1981 새마을 硏究論叢 Vol.1 No.-

클로버群落의 一次生産過程에 있어서 窒素의 動態 卽 吸收率, 轉流率 需要 및 供給, 利用指數 등과 群落生産構造의 連續的 變化를 分析하여 定量化하였다. 群落生育期間中 窒素含有率은 根粒에서 가장 높았고 莖部에서는 age에 따라 감소하였다. 높이에 따른 窒素含有率은 葉部에서 增加하였으나 莖部에서는 減少하였다. 群落의 窒素吸收率(最大値, 6.9mgN/g.DM/day)과 吸收效率(最大値, 9.1%)의 季節的 變化는 RGR 및 LRGR과 같은 傾向을 보였다. 群落의 總窒素同化量은 36.6gN/m^2로서 月別最大値는 5月에 24.1gN/m^2였다. 最大窒素現在量은 6月中에 38.5gN/m^2였고, 最大窒素의 turnover 率은 5月中에 50.5%였다. 群落의 各器官別 窒素分配量은 葉部에 22.9%, 莖部에 15.8%, 種實에 40.5%, 地下莖에 13.3%, 根部에 6.1% 및 根粒에 1.4%였다. 總窒素需要量에 대해 群落內部의 轉流量은 10,4%였고, 窒素固定 및 吸收量은 89.6%였다. 클로버群落의 窒素利用指數는 4月中에 最大値 48.3이였다. Nitrogen dynamics in terms of specific absorption rate, inflow and outflow rates, demand and supply, and utility index of clover, Trifolium repens L. community, were evalueated using an analysis of successive productive structures. The analysis was adopted for measuring quantitative changes in the population applying stratified clip technique on every two weeks through the spring-summer regrowth. Through the study nitrogen(%) maintained the highest level (4.7-6.3%) of all the parts in nodules, constant level in roots, while monotonously declined in stems with age. Whereas, along plant height it conspicuously increased in leaves, but decreased in stems with age. The seasonal trends of specific absorption rates(6.9 mgN/g.r. DM/day in maximum) and specific absorption efficiency (9.1% in maximum) apparently correlated with RGR and LRGR of this community. The overall inflow of nitrogen was 36.6gN/m^2/season, attaining the maximum inflow of 24.1gN/m^2/month in early May. While the maximum standing crop was 38.5gN/m^2 in early June, and the maximum turnover rate was 50.5% in early May. The proportions of the total seasonal demand were 22.9% to foliage, 40.5% to reproductive organs, 15.8% to stems, 13.3% to stolons, 6.1% to roots, and 1.4% to nodules. These demands were met with internal (10.4%) and external (89.6%) supplies. The seasonal highest NUI was 48.3 in mid-April.

EFFECT OF MOLASSES SUPPLEMENTATION OF A ROUGHAGE BASED DIET ON GROWTH PERFORMANCES OF CATTLE

Huque, K.S.,Talukder, A.I. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.4

Two feeding trials were conducted to determine the effect of molasses feeding on the growth performances of bulls. In the first experiment, the straw of a control diet of straw and urea was replaced by molasses of 150 g ($M_{150}$) or $300g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ ($M_{300}$). The three diets were fed ad libitum to three groups of bulls having five in each and the dietary responses were statistically analyzed in a simple design. The bulls were given fishmeal ($30g{\cdot}hd^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$), wheat bran (0.5% of Liveweight, LW) and allowed grazing for $5hrs{\cdot}d^{-1}$. Molasses supplementation significantly (p < 0.001) increased the dry matter intake (DMI) of the bulls of $M_{150}$ (35.8g) and of $M_{300}$ (42.9g) than the control ($30.4g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$). The daily LW gain of the bulls of the $M_{150}$ (982g) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the bulls of the control or of the $M_{300}$ diet. In the second experiment, a control group of four bulls was fed a straw diet. Treatment two groups, having four bulls in each, were fed a mixed diet of Leucaena leucocephala and Setaria splendida(1:1, DM basis) with (LSM) and without (LS) molasses at $100g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. The dietary responses were statistically analyzed in a simple design. The bulls of the LSM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher DMI, DM digestibility and LW gain ($128g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$, $663g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $419g{\cdot}d^{-1}$, respectively) than the bulls of the LS diet ($98.3g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$, $583g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $292g{\cdot}d^{-1}$, respectively). But the differences between the LSM and the control were nonsignificant. It may be concluded that molasses may be utilized as supplement to straw at $150g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ or forages at $100g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ diet for the profitable beef production from young growing bulls.