元載之死探微

胡平(호평, HuPing) 경북대학교 아시아연구소 2009 아시아연구 Vol.- No.4

元載는 당 代宗시기 가장 오랫동안 재상을 지냈다. 포살(捕殺) 됨으로써 재상의 자리에서 물러나게 되었는데, 그 원인 중 의미심장한 것이 있다. 사서에 기록된 바로는 대력12년 元載는 살해당하였는데, 많은 불명료한 일과 납득 불가능한 사실이 존재한다. 元載가 받은 처벌을 살펴보면, 그가 지은 죄는 모반죄이지만, 이것은 거의 불가능한 것이다. 元載의 권세가 정사에 기록되어 있는 것과 큰 차이가 나며 일치하지 않은데 이러한 점은 그의 아들로 인해 그가 실각하기 전에 외부에서 이미 폄하되었다는 사실이 증명해 준다. 代宗은 계속해서 元載의 세력이 커지는 것을 방비하여, 잇따라 李棲筠, 劉晏등의 사람을 발탁함으로써, 元載를 견제하였다. 대력년간, 궁궐 내에서는 왕세자의 지위 쟁탈이 출현하였고, 元載는 태자의 확고한 지지자였다. 그러나 그 후, 상대방의 실패와 代宗의 위협은 元載로 하여금 태자에 대한 지지가 변하게 하였고, 최종적으로 代宗이 정변의 비상수단으로 그를 잡아 죽이게 하였다. 궁궐정치의 은밀성으로 인해, 元載의 진정한 죽음의 원인은 오랫동안 가려졌던 것이다. Yuan Zai’s term of office as prime minister was the longest during the time of Daizong and he was killed in his term. The reason is afford for thought. The history record on this case which happened in 777 AD is not accurate enough to make people believe it. According to the punishment he has suffered, Yuan Zai’s accusation is prepare for rebel. But this is almost impossible. The power of Yuan Zai was never as big as the record of history. Daizong was always on guard against Yuan Zai. He promoted Li Qiyun and Liu Yan to limit the power of Yuan Zai. In Dali period, the struggle for the right of inheritance of throne was happened in royal court. Yuan Zai was the firm supporter of the Crown Prince. After the failure of the opponent, Yuan Zai came to be the most threat of Daizong. Finally, Daizong captured and killed Yuan Zai by the coup d'etat. As a result of the secretive of court politics, the cause of Yuan Zai’s death is covered for a long time.

Multiple Tolerances and Dye Decolorization Ability of a Novel Laccase Identified from Staphylococcus Haemolyticus

Xingxing Li,Dongliang Liu,Zhaowei Wu,Dan Li,Yifei Cai,Yao Lu,Xin Zhao,Huping Xue 한국미생물·생명공학회 2020 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.30 No.4

Laccases are multicopper oxidases with important industrial value. In the study, a novel laccase gene (mco) in a Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolate is identified and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Mco shares less than 40% of amino acid sequence identities with the other characterized laccases, exhibiting the maximal activity at pH 4.0 and 60oC with 2,2'-azino-bis (3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) as a substrate. Additionally, the Mco is tolerant to a wide range of pH, heavy metal ions and many organic solvents, and it has a high decolorization capability toward textile dyes in the absence of redox mediators. The characteristics of the Mco make this laccase potentially useful for industrial applications such as textile finishing. Based on BLASTN results, mco is found to be widely distributed in both the bacterial genome and bacterial plasmids. Its potential role in oxidative defense ability of staphylococci may contribute to the bacterial colonization and survival.

Effects of early commercial milk supplement on the mucosal morphology, bacterial community and bacterial metabolites in jejunum of the pre- and post-weaning piglets

Hu, Ping,Niu, Qingyan,Zhu, Yizhi,Shi, Chao,Wang, Jing,Zhu, Weiyun Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.3

Objective: Sow milk (SM) may not be able to meet the piglet's nutritional needs in late lactation. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of early commercial milk (CM) supplement on the mucosal morphology, bacterial community and bacterial metabolites in jejunum of piglets. Methods: Ten litters of newborn piglets ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) were randomly divided into 2 groups of 5 litters. The piglets in the control group were suckled by the sow (SM), while the piglets in the treatment group (CM supplement) were supplemented with a CM supplement along with suckling from d 4 to d 28 of age. Results: No significant differences were observed about jejunal mucosal morphology on d 28 and d 35 between two groups. On d 28, the activity of lactase in the jejunum was significantly decreased in the CM group, while the activity of sucrase and the ratio of maltase to lactase were significantly increased (p<0.05). On d 35, the activity of maltase in the jejunum was significantly increased in the CM group (p<0.05), and maltase to lactase ratio tended to increase in the CM group (p = 0.065). In addition, piglets in the CM group had a higher abundance of Clostridium XI, Tuicibater, and Moraxella in the jejunum on d 28, while the abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly increased on d 35 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The early CM supplement improved the maturation of the jejunum to some extent by enhancing the maltase and sucrase activities. Moreover, the early CM supplement could help maintain the homeostasis of internal environment in jejunum by increasing the microbial-derived metabolites.

The Retention Behavior of Ginsenosides in HPLC and Its Application to Quality Assessment of Radix Ginseng

Hu, Ping,Luo, Guo-An,Wang, Qing,Zhao, Zhong-Zhen,Wang, Wan,Jiang, Zhi-Hong 대한약학회 2008 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.31 No.10

This study systematically investigated the retention behavior of seven neutral ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, and an acidic ginsenoside $R_0$, the major pharmacologically active components of Radix Ginseng with RP-HPLC. The effects of solvent, pH value, ionic strength of the mobile phase, and column temperature were investigated using an octadecylsiloxane-bonded silica gel column. Based on the ginsenosides' retention characteristics, the concentration of acetonitrile and the gradient of the mobile phase needed to maintain the baseline separation of the major neutral ginsenosides in Radix Ginseng were theoretically predicted. Furthermore, the ionic strength of mobile-phase necessary to achieve good resolution of the neutral ginsenosides and acidic ginsenosides was carefully investigated. According to the results of the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides in eight batches of ginseng samples from different sources, the developed HPLC technique may be a valuable tool for the quality assessment of Radix Ginseng.

A topical Chinese herbal mixture improves epidermal permeability barrier function in normal murine skin

Man, Mona,Hupe, Melanie,Mackenzie, Donald,Kim, Hyunjung,Oda, Yuko,Crumrine, Debra,Lee, Seung Hun,Martin‐,Ezquerra, Gemma,Trullas, Carles,Mauro, Theodora M.,Feingold, Kenneth R.,Elias, Peter M.,M Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Experimental dermatology Vol.20 No.3

<P><B>Abstract: </B> Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been shown to have beneficial effects for both skin disorders with barrier abnormality and as skin care ingredients. Yet, how CHM exerts their benefits is unclear. As most, if not all, inflammatory dermatoses are accompanied by abnormal permeability barrier function, we assessed the effects of topical CHM extracts on epidermal permeability barrier function and their potential mechanisms. Topical CHM accelerated barrier recovery following acute barrier disruption. Epidermal lipid content and mRNA expression of fatty acid and ceramide synthetic enzymes increased following topical CHM treatment in addition to mRNA levels for the epidermal glucosylceramide transport protein, ATP‐binding cassette A12. Likewise, CHM extract increased mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptides both <I>in vivo</I> and <I>in vitro</I>. These results demonstrate that the topical CHM extract enhances epidermal permeability barrier function, suggesting that topical CHM could provide an alternative regimen for the prevention/treatment of inflammatory dermatoses accompanied by barrier abnormalities.</P>

Poster Presentations : P5 ; An Optimized Formulation Improves Epidermal Permeability Barrier Homeostasis in Normal Murine Skin

( Mao Qiang Man ),( Carolyn Cheung ),( Melanie Hupe ),( Debra Crumrine ),( Peter M Elias ) 한국피부장벽학회 2013 한국피부장벽학회지 Vol.15 No.2

Epidermal permeability barrier function plays a crucial role in regulating cutaneous function. Improvement of epidermal barrier function has become a valuable approach to prevent and treat certain skin disorders. However, the commercially available barrier enhancing products are expensive and not readily available in developing countries, such as African and some countries in Asia. In the present study, we first optimized an inexpensive formulation that can enhance epidermal permeability barrier and then the basis thereof. Hairless mice were treated topically with various formulation twice-daily for 3 days. At the end of treatments, permeability barrier function was assessed with a Tewameter. The efficacy of optimized formulation on barrier function in tape-stripped skin was also assessed. Our results show that topical optimized formulation significantly enhanced basal permeability barrier function and permeability barrier homeostasis after tape stripping while basal stratum corneum hydration and skin surface pH remained unchanged. Improved barrier function correlated with enhanced epidermal involucrin and loricrin expression, and lamellar body production. Moreover, epidermal antimicrobial pepetide, CAMP expression, remarkably increased after topical applications of optimized formulation. These results demonstrate that this optimized inexpensive formulation can effectively improves epidermal permeability barrier function by stimulating epidermal differentiation, lamellar body production, as well as cutaneous antimicrobial peptide production. This optimized formulation could be widely used as inexpensive regimen in prevention and treatment of skin disorders characterized by permeability barrier dysfunction in addition to as a conventional skin care product, especially for developing countries.