Knowledge in Action: Effectively Teaching Healthy Behavior Knowledge in Physical Education Classes

Hodges, Michael Arizona State University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

An intervention study was conducted with elementary physical education teachers and their use of a newly developed series of fitness segments called Knowledge in Action (KIA). This study was designed to enable teachers to teach healthy behavior knowledge (HBK) in their classes without sacrificing physical activity levels. This study has two phases. First, the intervention was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the KIA fitness segment intervention. Second, teachers’ perceptions of both teaching HBK and the KIA fitness segments were investigated. Ten teacher participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Intervention teachers participated in professional development, provided with all teaching materials, and YouTube videos that modeled the teaching of the KIA fitness segments. Teacher fidelity was measured through observations. Student physical activity patterns were measured in randomly selected teachers’ classes (both intervention and control) to determine potential physical activity pattern differences between groups. Teachers were interviewed from one to three times across the project in order to determine perceptions of teaching HBK and the KIA fitness segments. Researchers used constant comparison method to uncover possible common themes. Student knowledge was assessed pre/post using PE Metrics Standard 3 cognitive test to determine HBK changes. Data analysis included General liner models (GLM) at the student level (gender) and Hierarchical linear models (HLM) at the school level (treatment, school). There was a moderate mean teacher fidelity score (77.9%) found among the intervention teachers. HLM results showed students in the intervention group had a 3.4(20%) greater improvement in HBK scores when compared with their control counterparts (<italic>p</italic><0.001). Student activity levels were found to be similar in both groups with 871.33 and 822.22 steps in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Although all of the teachers thought it was important to teach HBK they were not spending time on it during classes at pretest. Three common themes were discovered: (a) Effective Teacher Training of the Segments, (b), Teachers Learned a Novel Strategy, and (c) Teachers Recommended Modifications. In summary, the KIA fitness segments received favorable views and gave teachers a way to teach HBK without reducing physical activity time.

Psychological acculturation, coping strategies, and mental health among Asians and Asian Americans

Hodges, Motoni Fong University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

This study examined the dimensionality of acculturation as assessed by the Psychological Acculturation Scale (PAS) which was created based on Berry's (1984, 1989) two-dimensional theory of acculturation, as well as investigating the relationship among acculturation, coping strategies, and mental health. The principal components analyses showed two clearly defined component solutions for the Asian international and Asian American samples (i.e., the Separation-Assimilation vs. Integration-Marginalization dimension), which are distinct from the dimensions proposed in Berry's model (i.e., cultural maintenance of one's own group vs. contact with the dominant and other ethnic groups). The stepwise multiple regression results indicated that the Integration-Marginalization subscale of acculturation and emotion-oriented coping were significant predictors of psychological distress and life satisfaction. Its implications for research and clinical application are discussed.

The characterization of Plasmodium falciparum iron regulatory-like protein (PfIRPa) in asexual stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites

Hodges, Marcus G Howard University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

Iron is an indispensable nutrient for the erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum, but the metabolic pathways of iron homeostasis in Plasmodium falciparum are poorly understood. An iron regulatory-like protein expressed by Plasmodium falciparum (PfIRPa) is a plausible candidate for having a role in iron homeostasis of asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasites. This protein has homology to mammalian iron regulatory proteins/aconitases, and is capable of binding RNA iron response elements (IREs). Western blot analysis of digitonin-permeabilized trophozoites suggests that the localization of PfIRPa is predominantly in membranous compartments of the parasite, such as the mitochondrion. However, immunofluorescence analysis shows that PfIRPa is localized in the mitochondria and the parasitic cytosol. Under conditions favoring iron-sulfur cluster formation, recombinant PfIRPa (rPfIRPa) displays aconitase activity, as detected by a colorimetric NADPH-MTT (3-[4.5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. Spectrophotometric measurements of cis-aconitate hydration at 240 nm show that rPfIRPa had an overall catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) that was similar in magnitude to human cytosolic IRP1/aconitase and human mitochondrial aconitase. PflRPa immunoprecipitated from parasite lysates also has aconitase activity, as assessed by an MTT-based assay. PfIRPa binds specifically to an IRE-like stem loop structure found in the 3' untranslated region of malarial gene PF13_0080. The location of this IRE is consistent with the possibility that PfIRPa could protect PF13_0080 mRNA from endonucleolytic cleavage by binding to this IRE-like structure. To test this hypothesis, two small (25-mer) RNA-mimicking oligonucleotides were designed: one identical and one complementary to the stem-loop structure of PF13_0080 IRE. Contrary to expectations, the addition of either oligonucleotide to erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum led to increased levels of PF13_0080 mRNA, decreased levels of PfIRPa mRNA, and sustained malaria growth despite substrate limitations caused by high parasitemia culturing conditions. The results presented in this work provide evidence that PfIRPa localizes in the mitochondrion and in the cytosol and is able to demonstrate aconitase activity. The results also suggest that PfIRPa might act as a post-transcriptional repressor of PF13_0080 mRNA. Further understanding of the role of PfIRPa/aconitase in the regulation of Plasmodium falciparum iron homeostasis may contribute towards the development of novel antimalarial strategies against plasmodial species.

Infant Safe Sleep in Ohio: Where Do Prenatal and Postnatal Healthcare Providers Fit In?

Hodges, Nichole Laureen The Ohio State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Introduction: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and sleep-related sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) are among the leading causes of infant mortality in the United States (U.S.) and are associated with significant health disparity. Healthca. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used. Focus groups were held with certified lactation consultants in Ohio to discuss their role and the advice they provide to women about infant safe sleep and reducing the risk of SIDS and other causes of. Results: Four focus groups were held with certified lactation consultants (n=22). Major themes that emerged included: lactation consultants' belief in the importance of bedsharing for supporting breastfeeding. Discussion: Prenatal and postnatal healthcare providers interact with expectant mothers and mothers of newborns at a critical time for infant safe sleep decisionmaking. This study reveals that mothers may not be receiving messages from lactation.

Interactions Between Low-Level Jets and Precipitation Extremes with Climatology, Mesoscale Numerical Simulations, and Ensemble-Based Non-Gaussian Data Assimilation

Hodges, Derek Galen The University of Utah ProQuest Dissertations & Th 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

The synoptic and mesoscale connections between Low-Level Jets (LLJ) and precipitation in the United States Great Plains region (GPR) are explored to better understand their relationship, especially as it relates to precipitation extremes. The accurate representation of these features and their associations through high-resolution modeling and advanced data assimilation methods are also examined. This is accomplished through three distinct but related topics, including 1.) The variations in the climatology of the LLJ structure during wet and dry periods, 2.) The three-way interactions between the LLJ, Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS), and Cold Pools (CP), and 3.) The impacts of non-Gaussian ensemble distributions on data assimilation. The first part of the study explores the factors leading to drought and flood events in the GPR. It was found that the LLJ provides a consistent source of moisture advection and ascent in its exit region, however, it is the synoptic environment that ultimately dictates whether an LLJ is productive at precipitation formation. Accordingly, the LLJ provides regular convergence and lift, which is either realized or squandered according to the environment already in place as a result of the synoptic anomalies present. The second part of this study uses WRF simulations and ensemble sensitivity analysis to analyze interactions between the LLJ and MCSs, and CPs for a case on the 23-24 of May 2011. These components are sensitive to each other, which leads to divergences in simulated solutions according to how well the various interactions are handled in terms of timing, location, and strength. It is demonstrated that the LLJ is stronger as a result of moist convective processes.The third part of the dissertation looks at the effects of non-Gaussian data assimilation for two cases. Non-Gaussian ensemble distributions are widespread and regular. Non-Gaussianity is associated explicitly with convection and modestly associated with other features such as dry lines. Filters that are designed for non-Gaussian data assimilation provide value, particularly at higher resolutions and near non-Gaussian features. For filters that assume a non-Gaussian prior distribution, the corresponding posterior distribution is degraded. However, such filters can perform well when the posterior spread is minimalized.

Mississippi Adequate Education Program (MAEP): An analysis of spending and academic performance in Mississippi school districts

Hodges, Gayla Marie Mississippi State University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between the finance variables of expenditures per-pupil (PPE), wealth per pupil (WPP), district percentage of students classified as low socioeconomic (SES) and district mean teacher salary (MTS) and the district mean Mississippi Subject Area Testing Program (SATP) scale scores in algebra, history, English II and biology. The study includes all districts that have secondary schools in Mississippi (N = 151). All data used in the study came from the Mississippi Department of Education. All data used in the study was limited to the 2002--2003 school year only. A Pearson's Product Moment correlation was used to examine the relationship between the variables. The findings revealed low to moderate negative relationships between the financial variable of PPE and the district mean SATP test scores of algebra, biology, English II and history. The finance variable of WPP also had low, positive relationship to three of the four academic SATP scores, algebra, biology, and history. English II had no significant relationship. For the finance variable of MTS, no significant relationships were found. For the last finance variable of SES, substantial, negative relationships were found with algebra, history, English II and biology. Descriptive statistics revealed wide ranges in every financial area with SES the largest. No conclusions were drawn about the adequacy of the Mississippi Adequate Education Plan (MAEP) since the plan has been fully funded for only one year since its implementation.

City views: Writing and the topography of Frenchness in the Renaissance

Hodges, Elisabeth Danielle Harvard University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

This project considers how identity comes to be located in the urban landscape, and how an interest in historicizing the city in the Renaissance links topography with subjectivity. In <italic>City Views: Writing and the Topography of Frenchness in the Renaissance</italic>, I show how the location and expression of Frenchness in early modern Paris figures in a larger phenomenon where spatial knowledge seeks to inform constructions of collective and individual identity in literature and in visual representations. As distinctive articulations of singularity, I show how cities provide a spatial image on which are based new ways of imaging the self in the world as a microcosm. Concurrent with the exploration of the New World and the mobilization of printed materials, the culture of the book and the popularity of the map in consequence emerge as material objects. Beginning with François Villon's Le Grand Testament (1489/1533), I argue that when the self is imagined in the city, spatial conceptions depart from the medieval notion of a world perceived and represented as a totality and as coextensive with religious ideology. At the confluence of historical, political, and literary discourses, city narratives spark new genres, like the guidebook (Gilles Corrozet), city views, and the atlas. Whether depicted in a pictorial fashion in the case of an imagined city view, or in the textual peripaties of a travel narrative, I show how topographical works configure the movement of the traveler through the actual spaces of France while simultaneously promoting a political program that promotes and aggrandizes the landscape of French letters. I then compare how the ‘topophilia’ behind cartographic projects promotes an emerging nationalist agenda that disseminates visions of the French nation in new literary forms, specifically travel writings and the personal essay. As a rehearsal of thinking and traveling, I show how in Montaigne's oeuvre, the author inscribes both a poetics and a politics of space in the literal topography of his works. Writing that relates travel literally travels in the essays where the necessity for actual physical displacement recasts movement as the literal replacement of the writer's ego in textual portraiture.

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001: The impact of policy requirements and recommendations for policy improvements

Hodges, Amelia Elizabeth University of Delaware 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) requires all schools to ensure all students meet proficiency by 2014. If the federal government seriously values the goals of "leaving no child behind" and bringing all students to proficiency, then the next reauthorization of this legislation needs major revision. This paper concentrates on four key policy flaws within NCLB: (1) overly-ambitious expectations; (2) insufficient funding; (3) overregulation; and (4) technically unsound school performance evaluation requirements. The paper concludes with recommendations for the nature and scope of federal education legislation, federal funding of educational programs, an integrated approach to improve educational equity, and principles and components of sound educational accountability systems. The following changes are recommended and discussed: the reauthorization of NCLB should (1) not extend beyond constitutional purviews of the federal government; (2) be fully funded; (3) encourage innovation and technically sound practices; and (4) be supported by substantial reforms in federally-funded health and social services.

Soil Genesis Across a Climo-Lithosequence of Western Haleakala, Maui

Hodges, Ryan C ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Utah State Univers 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

The soils of western Haleakala are incredibly diverse due to two primary reasons: 1) they receive varying levels of rainfall based on location relative to Haleakala, and 2) volcanic vents upwind of the area indicate that volcanic ash has blanketed much of western Haleakala in the past. Ash can weather to form short-range-order materials, which contribute to the classification of andic soil properties. Due to their structure, short-range-order materials impart soil behavior that creates benefits and challenges in land management. Therefore, an understanding of how these soils formed and differ, and where andic soils occur is crucial.The objectives of this study were to observe soil properties to determine how they vary across the precipitation gradients of the study area and how they relate to soil formation and diversity; and to utilize spatial statistics to predict where andic soils may occur to improve soil mapping.Sixteen soils were sampled on the same mapped substrate of northwest-facing slopes < 5% across gradients in elevation (7-1362 m) and mean annual precipitation (283-2768 mm MAP). Soils were described by horizon to at least 1-m depth, or a rootrestricting layer, and rock fragments at the base of each soil pit were sampled. Soil chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties were performed, and soil data across depth and location were compared. Using climate raster data and soil property data used to classify andic soils for the 16 soils sampled, we created and validated models to predict the areal extent of andic soils in the study area.Soil organic carbon increased with increasing precipitation before decreasing at 2300 mm MAP. Base saturation and pH remain high until a threshold at 1500 mm MAP before decreasing abruptly. The degree of mineral weathering and soil development increased with increasing MAP. The lowland soils of central Maui are likely much older than soils of upcountry Maui. Ash-influenced soils of upcountry Maui were less developed, more likely to have andic soil properties, and had disrupted pedogenic thresholds for pH and base saturation. Spatial predictions of soil properties used to classify andic soils accurately classified Natural Resources Conservation Service soils to 88.9%.

Single-molecule studies of gene expression

Hodges, Hamilton Courtney University of California, Berkeley 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

During the twentieth century, researchers made significant advances in understanding the biochemical basis for gene expression. In the twenty-first century, the development of single-molecule manipulation techniques allowed researchers for the first time to directly observe the activities of gene expression in real time. In particular, experiments involving single-molecule visualization and manipulation have revealed the processes of gene expression to be stochastic events governed by the physics of the nanoscale. Our investigation of eukaryotic transcription using single-molecule optical trapping techniques has shown that RNA polymerase II is a type of molecular motor that periodically disengages its DNA substrate and freely diffuses along it, resulting in transient pausing events. The behavior of the polymerase during these pauses has turned out to be critical for understanding how the polymerase transcribes through nucleosomes. In this dissertation, I report that the nucleosome behaves as a fluctuating barrier that locally but dramatically affects the transcription dynamics of the polymerase. The polymerase, rather than actively separating DNA from histones, functions instead as a ratchet that rectifies nucleosomal fluctuations. We also obtained direct evidence that transcription through a nucleosome involves transfer of the core histones behind the transcribing polymerase via a transient DNA loop. This work has significantly addressed how the interplay between polymerase dynamics and nucleosome fluctuations affects the dynamics of gene expression. Using optical trapping techniques, we also directly observed the process of translation by the E. coli ribosome for the first time. We observed that translation occurs through successive translocation-and-pause cycles. The distribution of pause lengths indicated that at least two rate-determining processes control each pause. Additionally, we have confirmed that each translocation step measures three bases---one codon---and observed that each step occurs in less than 0.1 s. We also observed that translocation and RNA unwinding are strictly coupled ribosomal functions. The emerging picture is that gene expression arises from the coordinated activities of specific macromolecular motors on their nucleic acid substrates. Our observations of individual transcription and translation events support a detailed physical understanding of gene expression and its regulation.