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Thermal ageing and short-range ordering of Alloy 690 between 350 and 550 °C
Mouginot, Roman,Sarikka, Teemu,Heikkilä,, Mikko,Ivanchenko, Mykola,Ehrnsté,n, Ulla,Kim, Young Suk,Kim, Sung Soo,Hä,nninen, Hannu Elsevier 2017 Journal of nuclear materials Vol.485 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Thermal ageing of Alloy 690 triggers an intergranular (IG) carbide precipitation and is known to promote an ordering reaction causing lattice contraction. It may affect the long-term primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) resistance of pressurized water reactor (PWR) components. Four conditions of Alloy 690 (solution annealed, cold-rolled and/or heat-treated) were aged between 350 and 550 °C for 10 000 h and characterized. Although no direct observation of ordering was made, variations in hardness and lattice parameter were attributed to the formation of short-range ordering (SRO) in all conditions with a peak level at 420 °C, consistent with the literature. Prior heat treatment induced ordering before thermal ageing. At higher temperatures, stress relaxation, recrystallization and α-Cr precipitation were observed in the cold-worked samples, while a disordering reaction was inferred in all samples based on a decrease in hardness. IG precipitation of M<SUB>23</SUB>C<SUB>6</SUB> carbides increased with increasing ageing temperature in all conditions, as well as diffusion-induced grain boundary migration (DIGM).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> SRO was suggested in Alloy 690 with 9.18 wt% Fe after thermal ageing at 350, 420 and 475 °C. </LI> <LI> Prior thermal treatment promoted SRO before ageing. </LI> <LI> Cold work led to recrystallization and precipitation of α-Cr upon ageing at 550 °C. </LI> <LI> Thermal ageing promoted IG precipitation of Cr-rich M<SUB>23</SUB>C<SUB>6</SUB> carbides and DIGM. </LI> </UL> </P>
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Yokoyama, Yoshie,Jelenkovic, Aline,Sund, Reijo,Sung, Joohon,Hopper, John L.,Ooki, Syuichi,Heikkilä,, Kauko,Aaltonen, Sari,Tarnoki, Adam D.,Tarnoki, David L.,Willemsen, Gonneke,Bartels, Meike,van B Cambridge University Press 2016 TWIN RESEARCH AND HUMAN GENETICS - Vol.19 No.2
<P>We analyzed birth order differences in means and variances of height and body mass index (BMI) in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins from infancy to old age. The data were derived from the international CODATwins database. The total number of height and BMI measures from 0.5 to 79.5 years of age was 397,466. As expected, first-born twins had greater birth weight than second-born twins. With respect to height, first-born twins were slightly taller than second-born twins in childhood. After adjusting the results for birth weight, the birth order differences decreased and were no longer statistically significant. First-born twins had greater BMI than the second-born twins over childhood and adolescence. After adjusting the results for birth weight, birth order was still associated with BMI until 12 years of age. No interaction effect between birth order and zygosity was found. Only limited evidence was found that birth order influenced variances of height or BMI. The results were similar among boys and girls and also in MZ and DZ twins. Overall, the differences in height and BMI between first- and second-born twins were modest even in early childhood, while adjustment for birth weight reduced the birth order differences but did not remove them for BMI.</P>
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