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A Survey of Cluster-based Routing Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks
Gulbadan Sikander,Mohammad Haseeb Zafar,Ahmad Raza,Muhammad Inayatullah Babar,Sahibzada Ali Mahmud,Gul Muhammad Khan 한국산학기술학회 2013 SmartCR Vol.3 No.4
In recent times, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become progressively more attractive and have found their way into a wide variety of applications and systems because of their low cost, self-organizing behavior, and sensing ability in harsh environments. A WSN is a collection of nodes organized into a network. Routing is a vital technology in WSNs and can be roughly divided into two categories: flat routing and hierarchical routing. In a flat routing topology, all nodes have identical functionality and carry out the same task in the network. Nodes in a hierarchical topology do different tasks in WSNs and are usually arranged into clusters. In this paper, a survey on cluster-based routing schemes for WSNs has been done and comparisons made on the basis of performance factors such as latency, scalability, and energy awareness. Strengths and limitations of each scheme are presented, and open issues that must be addressed in the design of cluster-based routing algorithms are discussed.
Saira Sattar,Muhammad Imran,Zarina Mushtaq,Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad,Muhammad Sajid Arshad,Melvin Holmes,Joanne Maycock,Muhammad Faisal Nisar,Muhammad Kamran Khan 한국식품과학회 2020 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.29 No.10
The peach functional beverages pasteurized for10 min at 90 C, microwaved for 1.5 min at 850 W ofpower and sonicated for 90 min at 20 kHz of frequencywere selected to keep in storage for up to 30 days inrefrigerator to examine the changes happened to theirphysicochemical characteristics and functional components. It was observed that the pH and the cloud values ofall processed juice samples reduces with the storage time,whereas, the total soluble solids almost remain consistentparticularly in microwave and ultrasound treated samples. While storage period causes the decrement in total phenoliccontent (TPC) and total flavonoid content of treated beveragesamples, but ultrasound processing showed greaterretention of TPC value up to 5.7% more than other techniquesduring storage. The similar trend was observed forantioxidant activity where the ultrasound treatment showedimproved free radicals (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)scavenging activities except ferric ion reducing antioxidantpower after 30 days of storage.
Abanmi, Abdullah,Harthi, Fahad Al,Agla, Rokaiyah Al,Khan, Haseeb Ahmad,Tariq, Mohammad Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2005 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.38 No.3
Alanine at residue 73 (Ala-73) and aspartate at residue 9 (Asp-9) are characteristic to both Cw6 and Cw7 alleles of HLA-C gene and have been suggested as possible markers for psoriasis vulgaris (PsV). However, the results from various ethnic groups/populations are contradictory and inconclusive. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the association between HLA-C (Ala-73 and Asp-9) and susceptibility to PsV among Saudi patients. Genomic DNA was extracted from 25 Saudi PsV patients and 75 control subjects. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify HLA-C sequences using earlier reported primers, C133P and C243PR. Sequence-specific primers were used to specifically detect nucleotide coding for Ala-73 and Asp-9 in all the subjects. The results showed significantly higher frequency of Asp-9 (84.0% versus 61.3%) in PsV patients as compared to controls (p < 0.05, 2-tailed Fisher's exact test). The frequencies of Ala-73 among PsV patients (92%) and controls (88%) did not differ significantly.