'리델 하트'(B. H. Liddell Hart)의 間接接近 戰略思想

김길영 國防大學院 1990 국내석사

Prosodic Repulsion in English

William Hart Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. Graduate Sch 2017 국내박사

영어의 운율적 반발 본 연구는 영어를 비롯해 여러 언어에서 나타나는 다양한 음운 구조 및 현상들을 Hart (2015a)에서 처음으로 언급된 운율적 반발(prosodic repulsion)이라는 개념을 이용하여 설명하고자 한다. Hart (2015a)에서는 운율적 반발을 “모든 언어에 나타나는 다양한 음운 구조 및 현상들에 영향을 미치는 반발력”이라고 정의한다. 본 연구는 이러한 개념을 좀 더 구체적인 사례에 적용시켜, 분절음과 같은 가장 기본적인 단위에서부터 운율단어와 같은 가장 복잡한 단위에 이르기까지 모든 운율 구조가 서로 상충하는 요소들 사이에 발생하는 힘의 균형을 통해 결정되고 설명될 수 있다고 주장한다. 다시 말해, 음운적 요소들은 그들 사이에 발생하는 인력과 반발력이라는 상충하는 힘들로 인해 서로를 잡아당김과 동시에 밀어내기도 한다. 본 연구는 요소들 사이의 힘의 관계를 정립하는 과정에서 음운 구조가 결정된다고 주장한다. 앞서 언급된 두 가지 힘 중 인력과 관련하여서는 정렬(alignment; Selkirk 1984, McCarthy and Prince 1993b)이라는 이론적 장치가 활발히 사용된 반면, 밀어 내는 힘에 관해서는 아직 제대로 논의된 바가 없다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구는 반발력이 하는 주요한 역할을 영어를 비롯한 여러 언어 사례들을 통해 입증해 보이고자 한다는 점에서 그 의의를 가진다. 나아가 이러한 발견은 음운 구조의 본질에 대해 고찰해 볼 수 있는 기회를 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 주목할 만하다. 본 연구는 음운 현상에서 반발력이 하는 역할을 제약을 기반으로 한 최적성 이론 (Optimality Theory; Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004)을 사용하여 설명하고자 하며, 이를 위해 필요한 제약으로는 아래에 제시된 대로, 음운적 반발력을 총망라하는 일반화된 반발(Generalized Repulsion)제약이 있다. (i) Generalized Repulsion: REPEL(Category 1, Category 2, Edge, Buffer) 위 제약에 따르면, Category 1에 해당하는 요소와 Category 2에 해당하는 요소의 왼쪽이나 오른쪽 끝 사이에는 반발력이 존재하여 두 요소가 서로 인접할 수 없다. 또한 여기에는 반발력을 완화시켜주는 완충 요소(Buffer)가 작용하여, 두 요소 사이의 최소 거리를 결정해준다. 이러한 제약의 골자를 기반으로 영어의 음운 구조를 분석하기 위해, 아래와 같은 일반적 반발에 속하는 세부 제약들이 사용되었다. (ii) Consonant extrametricality: REPEL(μ, PrWd, R, C) (ii)에 제시된 제약에 따르면 운율어의 모라는 운율 단어(prosodic word)의 오른쪽 끝에 정렬될 수 없다. 왜냐하면 해당 제약에 사용된 완충 요소에 따라 모라와 운율 단어 오른쪽 끝 사이의 거리는 최소한 자음 하나가 되어야 하기 때문이다. 이 제약을 활용할 수 있는 대표적인 현상으로는 영어에서 나타나는 어말 비(非)-모라 현상 (nonmoraicity)을 들 수 있다. 예를 들면, 이 제약을 활용할 경우 왜 영어의 devélop과 같이 어말에 CVC 구조를 가지는 단어가 eráse (어말 CVVC 구조) 또는 tormént (어말 CVCC구조)와 같은 단어들과 다른 강세 유형을 보이는지를 설명할 수 있다. (iii) Syllable extrametricality: REPEL(FtHd, PrWd, R, σ) 다음에 제시된 음절 운율외성(syllable extrametricality) 제약은 핵음보(head foot)가 운율 단어의 오른쪽 끝과 정렬되지 못하게 한다. 이 때, 완충 요소에 따르면 두 요소 사이의 최소한의 거리는 1음절이다. 이 제약은 품사에 따라 다르게 나타나는 영어의 강세 규칙을 설명하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 좀 더 구체적으로 설명하자면, 영어의 de(vélop), e(ráse), tor(mént)와 같은 동사의 경우, 마지막 음절이 항상 음보에 속하는데 반해 A(méri)ca, (géne)sis, (láby)rinth와 같은 명사의 마지막 음절은 운율외성으로 처리된다. 이를 (iii)의 제약으로 설명해보자면, 명사는 동사와 달리 완충 요소로 인해 핵음보가 운율 단어의 오른쪽 끝으로부터 최소한 1음절의 간격을 두고 위치해야 하기 때문에 이와 같은 강세 유형을 보이는 것이다. (iv) Primary stress retraction: REPEL(FtHd, PrWd, R, Ft) 마지막으로 제시된 제약은 영어에 일반적으로 나타나는 강세 유형과 다른 예외의 경우를 설명하는데 유용하다. 일반적으로 영어에서는 제 1강세가 단어의 가장 오른쪽 음보에 위치하는 경향이 있지만 여기에는 예외가 존재한다. 이러한 예외는 (Àdi)(rón)-(dàck)이나 (cáta)ma(ràn)와 같은 단일형태소 단어 뿐만 아니라, 하나 이상의 형태소로 이루어진 (désig)(nàte), (jéopar)(dìze)와 같은 단어들에서도 살펴볼 수 있다. 이러한 단어들의 공통점은 제 1강세가 단어의 가장 오른쪽 음보가 아닌 끝에서 두번째 음보에 주어진다는 점이다. 이러한 현상은 (iii)에서 제시된 제약과 같이 핵음보와 운율 단어의 오른쪽 끝 사이에 저항력을 적용한 (iv)의 제약으로 설명할 수 있다. 다만, 두 제약의 차이는 후자의 경우 음절이 아닌 전체 음보가 완충요소로 작용한다는 점이다. 이 제약을 특정한 접사 및 단어에 적용할 경우 제 1강세가 끝에서 두번째 음보로 “뒤로 후퇴”하는 현상을 설명할 수 있다. Prosodic Repulsion in English This dissertation explores and expands upon the concept of prosodic repulsion, first introduced in Hart (2015a) to describe a force of resistance that can seen to be exerting an influence on various kinds of phonological structures and phenomena across all human languages. It is argued that all prosodic structures, from the most basic units to the most complex ones, are defined by a balance of opposing forces that simultaneous draw phonological constituents together while pushing them away from each other at the same time, representing an eternal structural struggle between the forces of attraction and repulsion. While the former of these two forces has been investigated in much previous research with the theoretical device of alignment (cf. Selkirk 1984; McCarthy and Prince 1993b), the latter has never been recognized or received a unified treatment, and is thus the sole focus of this project. In presenting a detailed case study of the prosodic structure and phonological phenomena of the English language, as well as evidence from various other languages of the world, this dissertation will demonstrate the major role played by the force of repulsion in defining the phonological structures of human languages. As the analyses put forward in this work are presented within the constraintbased framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004), the following constraint scheme for Generalized Repulsion is proposed to encapsulate the force of prosodic repulsion: (i) Generalized Repulsion: REPEL(Category 1, Category 2, Edge, Buffer) What this scheme entails is that a prosodic constituent of Category 1 resists alignment with a constituent of Category 2 at either the left or the right Edge, and requires the unit specified as the Buffer as the minimal distance between the two, this buffer being needed to quell the force of repulsion and hold the two specified constituents apart from each other. A few of the Generalized Repulsion constraints used in the analyses of English prosodic structures are presented below. (ii) Consonant extrametricality: REPEL(μ, PrWd, R, C) The constraint in (ii) prohibits the alignment of a mora with the right edge of a prosodic word, demanding at the minimum a consonantal segment serving as a buffer to quell the resistance between these two constituents and keep them apart. This constraint can be used to account for the nonmoraicity of word-final consonants in languages such as English, which results in differing patterns of stress for CVC-final words such as iv devélop in comparison to CVVC-final words such as eráse and CVCC-final words such as tormént. (iii) Syllable extrametricality: REPEL(FtHd, PrWd, R, σ) The repulsion constraint in (iii) bans any head foot from alignment with the right edge of the word in which it is situated, minimally requiring a syllabic buffer to hold the two apart from each other. This constraint allows us to illuminate the long-noted difference in stress patterns between lexical items of different word categories in English. While the final syllables of verbs such as de(vélop), e(ráse) and tor(mént) are always parsed into feet, the final syllables of nouns such as A(méri)ca, (géne)sis and (láby)rinth are not. It is the category-specific constraint in (iii) which accounts for this difference, demanding that the head foot of a noun be pushed back from the right edge of the word by the distance of at least a syllable. (iv) Primary stress retraction: REPEL(FtHd, PrWd, R, Ft) While the usual tendency in English is for primary stress to fall on the rightmost foot of a word, this is not always the case. In monomorphemic words such as (Àdi)(rón)(dàck) and (cáta)ma(ràn), as well as in morphologically complex words like (désig)(nàte) and (jéopar)(dìze), the primary stress is located not on the rightmost foot, but rather on the penultimate one. This state of affairs can be accounted for using the constraint in (iv), which encodes a force of resistance acting upon the head foot of a word, just like the constraint in (iii). What sets the constraint in (iv) apart from its predecessor is the buffer, which is an entire foot rather than a mere syllable. Due to the influence of this constraint, which is proposed to apply specifically to particular affixes and lexical groups, primary stress appears to be “retracted backward” to the penultimate foot. In addition to these aspects of prosodic structure, repulsion constraints are proposed to account for several other areas of English phonology, including syllable structure, foot structure, the stress well environment, final tensing, closed syllable shortening, prevocalic tensing, glottal epenthesis, name truncation and rhythm reversal. While the examination of English prosodic structure and phenomena represents the key offering of this dissertation, this case study of a single language is followed by an exploration of the many ways in which the concept of repulsion can be applied to other languages of the world in order to illuminate various phenomena in other areas of phonological research, including tonal phonology, accentual systems, intonation contours, and constraints on morphemic structure.

From tradition to consumption : the rise of a materialist culture in South Korea

Hart, Dennis UMI 2014 국내박사

Effects of learning-style responsive vs. traditional staff development on community college professors' achievement in and attitudes toward alternative instructional strategies

Hart, Christina T Florida Atlantic University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

This researcher conducted an investigation concerning the effects of learning-style responsive versus traditional staff development on community college professors' achievement in and attitudes toward alternative instructional strategies. This study involved 84 faculty from three community colleges in Florida. Participants were voluntary and experienced both a learning-style responsive workshop and a traditional workshop through a counter balanced, reversed measures design. Objectives for each workshop focused on one learning-style method, thereby exposing participants to content about learning styles while using learning-style strategies to deliver the material. The average participant was a Caucasian female between the ages of 40-49 years old who taught in the Arts and Sciences. The Productivity Environmental Preference Survey (PEPS) (Dunn, Dunn and Price, 1979, 1980, 1990, 1996) was used as the self-report instrument to identify the participants' learning-styles. The Semantic Differential Scale (SDS) (Pizzo, 1981) was used to assess the participants' attitudes toward the two instructional approaches in contrast with each other. A researcher-developed instrument called The T-Hart Achievement Test (THART) served as a pre- and posttest assessment consisting of multiple-choice questions based on the objectives of the staff development workshop. Each group reported a statistically more positive attitude following the learning-styles experimental workshop regardless of the method used. This finding supported the hypothesis that participants receiving staff development through their learning-style preference evidence significantly higher attitudinal test scores than participants receiving traditional staff development. There was no statistical difference in the knowledge or achievement on treatment concepts and practices learned by participants when the Programmed Learning Sequence (PLS) method was used. There was, however, a statistically significant difference in the achievement of the community college faculty when Learning-Style Small Group Techniques (SGT) were applied. This finding supports the experimental hypothesis that participants receiving learning-style responsive staff development will evidence significantly higher mastery of knowledge of workshop concepts and practices as measured by achievement-test scores than participants receiving traditional staff development. There was also a statistical difference in achievement by age when using the Small Group Techniques (SGT) learning-style method than when using the Programmed Learning Sequence (PLS) strategy.

Estimating the abundance of a nocturnal, burrow-nesting seabird species in south Korea using automated acoustic recorders

Hart, Kirk Alfred 경희대학교 일반대학원 2015 국내석사

Introduction of predators, especially rats (Rattus spp.) and domestic cats (Felis catus) has had a serious effect on Korean seabirds. However, to date there has been a lack of seabird specific surveys on Korean islands. Traditional methods to survey seabirds can be biased towards diurnal species, leaving cryptic nocturnal, burrow-nesting seabirds underrepresented. I suggest the use of automatic acoustic recorders as a possible survey technique to deal with the logistic and political difficulties of remote island research of seabirds in South Korea. In this study I quantified the activity of Streaked Shearwaters (Calonectris leucomelas) at four sites on Sasu Island using acoustic recordings and modeled the relationship between call activity and Streaked Shearwater abundance. I found a positive relationship between these factors and used this relationship to predict the population size of the Streaked Shearwater colony on Chilbal Island. The mean predicted nest density on Chilbal Island ranged from 344 (49-638) to 557 (291-823). The population size estimate for Chilbal Island was very similar to other accounts. This method may not be precise enough to accurately estimate the exact population size of a seabird species at a location but most certainly can provide coarse estimates which can be used to see relative changes over time in response to introduced species removal or other factors.

An history analysis of three New York production of Eugene O'Neill's "long day's journer into night"

Hart, Doris U. M. I. 1982 국내박사

Russian motion : Kinetic dynamism in Russian avant-garde poetry, painting, and film

Harte, Timothy Crocker Harvard University 2001 해외박사

The frontiers of American drama : the plays of Sam Shepard

Hart, Lynda Lee U. M. I. 1984 국내박사

The heart's cry for image : Painting and depth psychology

Hart, Mary-John Pacifica Graduate Institute 2001 국내박사

ATHENS AND TROY : THE NARRATIVE TREATMENT OF THE "ILIUPERSIS" IN ARCHAIC ATTIC VASE-PAINTING (GREECE)

HART, MARY LOUISE University of California 1992 해외박사