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Paired-Associate Second Language Vocabulary Learning: The Role of L1 Translation Familiarity
Hanzhong Sun,Shaohua Fang 아시아테플 2022 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.19 No.1
First language (L1) use has always been a subject of debate in second language (L2) vocabulary learning, generating two main research lines. The first line concerns whether L1 use is advisable, and the second relates to how its use can be more beneficial. The current study contributes to the latter strand by probing the effect L1 familiarity had on L2 vocabulary gains using paired-associate learning paradigm. Two groups of English as a foreign language (EFL) learners with comparable L2 proficiency were recruited to learn three L2 word sets varying in L1 familiarity status (high/low), and accordingly three conditions were created (High: all L2 words with high L1 familiarity; Low: all low; Mixed: half high and half low). In the treatment session, both groups of participants studied each set separately, while made aware of, and then completing one of the two tests differing in depth of processing (either meaning recognition or meaning recall). At the testing phase, an unannounced one- week delayed posttest which measured meaning recognition was administered to both groups to examine the retention of vocabulary knowledge. The results showed that similar patterns were observed across two groups, such that High displayed an advantage over Low and Mixed did not exhibit striking differences compared to High. Additionally, recall group outperformed recognition group on all word sets. Therefore, our findings offer direct experimental support to the principle of learning burden (Nation, 1990, 2013), and highlight both the importance and the complexity of L1 familiarity. We conclude with pedagogical implications in relation to those findings.
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The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa
Wang, Xiaowu,Wang, Hanzhong,Wang, Jun,Sun, Rifei,Wu, Jian,Liu, Shengyi,Bai, Yinqi,Mun, Jeong-Hwan,Bancroft, Ian,Cheng, Feng,Huang, Sanwen,Li, Xixiang,Hua, Wei,Wang, Junyi,Wang, Xiyin,Freeling, Michael Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2011 Nature genetics Vol.43 No.10
We report the annotation and analysis of the draft genome sequence of Brassica rapa accession Chiifu-401-42, a Chinese cabbage. We modeled 41,174 protein coding genes in the B. rapa genome, which has undergone genome triplication. We used Arabidopsis thaliana as an outgroup for investigating the consequences of genome triplication, such as structural and functional evolution. The extent of gene loss (fractionation) among triplicated genome segments varies, with one of the three copies consistently retaining a disproportionately large fraction of the genes expected to have been present in its ancestor. Variation in the number of members of gene families present in the genome may contribute to the remarkable morphological plasticity of Brassica species. The B. rapa genome sequence provides an important resource for studying the evolution of polyploid genomes and underpins the genetic improvement of Brassica oil and vegetable crops.
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Zhenyu Wu,Liangzhan Sun,Gongyan Liu,Hongli Liu,Hanzhong Liu,Zhiju Yu,Shuang Xu,Fuchang Li,Yingbe Qin 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.4
Objective: We aimed to observe hair follicle (HF) development in the dorsal skin and elucidate the expression patterns of genes and proteins related to skin and HF development in Rex rabbits from birth to 8 weeks of age. Methods: Whole-skin samples were obtained from the backs of Rex rabbits at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age, the morphological development of primary and secondary HFs was observed, and the gene transcript levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), transforming growth factor β-1, 2, and 3 (TGFβ-1, TGFβ-2, and TGFβ-3) were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, Wnt family member 10b (Wnt10b) and β-Catenin gene and protein expression were examined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Results: The results showed significant changes in the differentiation of primary and secondary HFs in Rex rabbits during their first 8 weeks of life. The IGF-I, EGF, TGFβ-2, and TGFβ-3 transcript levels in the rabbits were significantly lower at 2 weeks of age than at birth and gradually increased thereafter, while the BMP2 and TGFβ-1 transcript levels at 2 weeks of age were significantly higher than those at birth and gradually decreased thereafter. β-Catenin gene expression was also significantly affected by age, while the Wnt10b transcript level was not. However, the Wnt10b and β-catenin protein expression levels were the lowest at 2 and 4 weeks of age. Conclusion: Our data showed that a series of changes in HFs in dorsal skin occurred during the first 8 weeks. Many genes, such as IGF-I, EGF, BMP2, TGFβ-1, TGFβ-2, TGFβ-3, and β-Catenin, participated in this process, and the related proteins Wnt10b and β-Catenin in skin were also affected by age.
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