http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Chun, Se-Chul,Fenn, Patrick,Kim, Kyung-Soo The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 1999 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.15 No.3
Chitinase activities from Shumard oak tissues were determined to study changes in chitinase activities related to water stress. The enzyme extracted in sodium acetate buffer (0.1M, pH 4.5) was assayed by a colorimetric method. In addition, the fungal hyphae of Hypoxylon atropunctatum in xylem tissues of oak were observed through scanning electron microscopy. The enzyme in oak tissues was mainly endochitinase, and optimum pH for enzyme activity was 5. Specific chitinase activities from both of stems held under high relative humidity (ranges of 0.63-1.11 pKatal/$\mu\textrm{g}$ of protein) and stems held under low relative humidity (ranges of 0.41-0.99 pKatal/$\mu\textrm{g}$ of protein) were significantly increased following fungal inoculation with H. atropunctatum. However, there was no significant difference in chitinase activities between tissues held under high and low humidities, which might be due to fungal chitinase. Scanning electron microscopy showed holes in fungal hyphae in the xylem tissues of stems held under high humidity but not in the stems held under ow humidity, suggesting that hyphae might be hydrolyzed by plant hydolases such as chitinase.
Chun, Se-Chul,Fenn, P. The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2000 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.16 No.5
Latent infections of healthy-appearing oaks of Hypoxylon atropunctatum complicates field studies by interfering with inoculation experiments to follow pathogenesis, fungal development and reproduction of this canker rot fungus. Mutants with unique and easily scorable phenotypes would be useful for inoculation studies. There is a broad range in the capacity of wild-type isolates to utilize nitrate as a sole nitrogen sources. Several types of nitrate-nonutilization mutants (nit1, Nit3, NitM) were selected from nitrate-utilizing wild-type isolates. Also, a few mutants of Hypoxylon atropunctatum were selected that could only grow poorly on basal medium supplemented with various nitrogen sources and even on yeast extract agar. These unknown mutants need to be characterized further. Nit mutants of Hypoxylon atropunctatum were readily selected, grew well and were recovered after inoculation into oak stems. These results suggest that nit mutants could be useful for inoculation studies in trees that contain latent infections.
Aetiology and Progression of Construction Disputes towards a Predictive Model
Peipei Wang,Lihan Zhang,Kun Wang,Peter Fenn 대한토목학회 2021 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.25 No.4
Construction projects are at risk of dispute. Dispute prevention is thus expected to avoid that cost. This paper aims to establish a model predicting the occurrence of disputes and identifying strategies regarding resource allocation in dispute avoidance. Factors in the model were identified by a literature review and conceptualised into aetiology and progression of dispute formation based on an analogy with epidemiological investigations. The model structure was established upon this analogy, validated against Bradford Hill criteria, and then quantified by conducting a Bayesian network analysis with samples returned from a questionnaire survey. The model shows high accuracy rates with both complete and incomplete input data. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to simulate the results of potential management measures available to be taken. This predictive model not only serves the prediction function but also traces back to factors causing disputes, and hence can be used to assist decision making before and during a construction process. At the centre of the model sits the causal mechanism investigation, but the existing methods only shed lights on correlational research without causal consideration. This paper devised an epidemiological investigation which covers from causal proposition to causal examination and contributes greatly to model establishment.