Ästhetische Übergänge in Metaphysik und Mystik - Einflüsse buddhischen Denkens in der Philosophie Schopenhauers -

Michael Eckert 동국대학교 동서사상연구소 2007 철학·사상·문화 Vol.0 No.5

Schopenhauers ästhetische Theorie läßt Kunst vor allem als ästhetisch-mystisch Medium des Übergangs und der Vermittlung metaphysischer Erkenntnis- und Lebenshaltungen verstehen. Eckerts These betont mehrere Aspekte: zum einen soll die Erfahrung der Kunst ästhetischen Abstand gewinnen lassen, der die Vorstellungswelt der Immanenz transzendiert, d.h. sthetische Kontemplation soll im Kontext der Philosophie Schopenhauers die Befreiung des Intellekts von der Macht des ‘Willens’ ermöglichen. Zum andern trägt der ästhetische Abstand zur Welt Züge mystischer Kontemplation, Momente intensiver Augenblickserfahrungen, die aber immenr wieder zurückfallen in immanente Erfahrungsbezüge von Welt. Darin ist ästhetisch-mystische Kontemplation zurückvermittelt in die Suche nach der Bedeutung, die mystischer Unmittelbarkeit zuzukommen vermag. So läßt sich schließlich die Freiheit der ästhetisch-mystischen Kontemplation zugleich als Verttlungsmedium metaphysischer Erkenntnis wahren Lebens verstehen; und zwar im Sinne der Negation immanenter Selbsthaltungstendenz, um für die Erlösung des ‘Nirwana-Nichts’ frei werden zu können. Zugleich muß man erwähnen, daß Schopenhauers Position stärker am unmittelbaren Ausnahmezustand ästhetischer Kontemplation als an ihren Übergangscharakter interessiert ist, sucht er doch Kunst als Anschauung von ‘Ideen’ gegen das bloße Wissen der Philosophie zur Geltung zu bringen. Freilich gelingtihm dies nicht immer widerspruchsfrei. Es scheint daher legitim, daß Echerts Deutung die Momente des genannten Zusammenhanges anders gewichtet.

How to Improve the Ductility of Nanostructured Materials

Eckert J.,Duhamel C.,Das J.,Scudino S.,Zhang Z. F.,Kim, K. B. The Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 2006 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.13 No.5

Nanostructured materials exhibit attractive mechanical properties that are often superior to the performance of their coarse-grained counterparts. However, one major drawback is their low ductility, which limits their potential applications. In this paper, different strategies to obtain both high strength and enhanced ductility in nanostructured materials are reported for Ti-base and Zr-base alloys. The first approach consists of designing an in-situ composite microstructure containing ductile bcc or hop dendrites that are homogeneously dispersed in a nanostructured matrix. The second approach is related to refining the eutectic structure of a Ti-Fe-Sn alloy. For all these materials, the microstructure, mechanical properties, deformation and fracture mechanisms will be discussed.

The Crystal Structure of Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein Reveals the Location of a Frequent Mutation that Impairs Innate Immunity

Eckert, Jana K.,Kim, Young J.,Kim, Jung I.,Gurtler, K.,Oh, D.Y.,Sur, S.,Lundvall, L.,Hamann, L.,van der Ploeg, A.,Pickkers, P.,Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E.,Kubarenko, Andriy V.,Weber, Alexander N.,Kabes Cell Press 2013 Immunity Vol.39 No.4

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase protein that initiates an immune response after recognition of bacterial LPS. Here, we report the crystal structure of murine LBP at 2.9 A resolution. Several structural differences were observed between LBP and the related bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), and the LBP C-terminal domain contained a negatively charged groove and a hydrophobic ''phenylalanine core.'' A frequent human LBP SNP (allelic frequency 0.08) affected this region, potentially generating a proteinase cleavage site. The mutant protein had a reduced binding capacity for LPS and lipopeptides. SNP carriers displayed a reduced cytokine response after in vivo LPS exposure and lower cytokine concentrations in pneumonia. In a retrospective trial, the LBP SNP was associated with increased mortality rates during sepsis and pneumonia. Thus, the structural integrity of LBP may be crucial for fighting infections efficiently, and future patient stratification might help to develop better therapeutic strategies.

Bystander Effect Fuels Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cells to Quickly Attenuate Early Stage Neurological Deficits After Stroke : iPSC-NSCs Quickly Decrease Symptoms in Stroke

Eckert, Auston,Huang, Lei,Gonzalez, Rodolfo,Kim, Hye-Sun,Hamblin, Milton H.,Lee, Jean-Pyo unknown 2015 Stem cells translational medicine Vol.4 No.7

High Strength Nanostructured Metastable Alloys

Eckert, Jurgen,Bartusch, Birgit,Schurack, Frank,He, Guo,Schultz, Ludwig The Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 2002 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.9 No.6

Nanostructured high strength metastable Al-, Mg- and Ti-based alloys containing different amorphous, quasicrystalline and nanocrystalline phases are synthesized by non-equilibrium processing techniques. Such alloys can be prepared by quenching from the melt or by powder metallurgy techniques. This paper focuses on one hand on mechanically alloyed and ball milled powders containing different volume fractions of amorphous or nano-(quasi)crystalline phases, consolidated bulk specimens and, on the other hand. on cast specimens containing different constituent phases with different length-scale. As one example. $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$- based metallic glass matrix composites are produced by mechanical alloying of elemental powder mixtures containing up to 30 vol.% $Y_2O_3$ particles. The comparison with the particle-free metallic glass reveals that the nanosized second phase oxide particles do not significantly affect the glass-forming ability upon mechanical alloying despite some limited particle dissolution. A supercooled liquid region with an extension of about 50 K can be maintained in the presence of the oxides. The distinct viscosity decrease in the supercooled liquid regime allows to consolidate the powders into bulk samples by uniaxial hot pressing. The $Y_2O_3$ additions increase the mechanical strength of the composites compared to the $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$ metallic glass. The second example deals with Al-Mn-Ce and Al-Cu-Fe composites with quasicrystalline particles as reinforcements, which are prepared by quenching from the melt and by powder metallurgy. $Al_{98-x}Mn_xCe_2$ (x =5,6,7) melt-spun ribbons containing a major quasicrystalline phase coexisting with an Al-matrix on a nanometer scale are pulverized by ball milling. The powders are consolidated by hot extrusion. Grain growth during consolidation causes the formation of a micrometer-scale microstructure. Mechanical alloying of $Al_{63}Cu_{25}Fe_{12}$ leads to single-phase quasicrystalline powders. which are blended with different volume fractions of pure Al-powder and hot extruded forming $Al_{100-x}$$(Al_{0.63}Cu_{0.25}Fe_{0.12})_x$ (x = 40,50,60,80) micrometer-scale composites. Compression test data reveal a high yield strength of ${\sigma}_y{\geq}$700 MPa and a ductility of ${\varepsilon}_{pl}{\geq}$5% for than the Al-Mn-Ce bulk samples. The strength level of the Al-Cu-Fe alloys is ${\sigma}_y{\leq}$550 MPa significantly lower. By the addition of different amounts of aluminum, the mechanical properties can be tuned to a wide range. Finally, a bulk metallic glass-forming Ti-Cu-Ni-Sn alloy with in situ formed composite microstructure prepared by both centrifugal and injection casting presents more than 6% plastic strain under compressive stress at room temperature. The in situ formed composite contains dendritic hcp Ti solid solution precipitates and a few $Ti_3Sn,\;{\beta}$-(Cu, Sn) grains dispersed in a glassy matrix. The composite micro- structure can avoid the development of the highly localized shear bands typical for the room temperature defor-mation of monolithic glasses. Instead, widely developed shear bands with evident protuberance are observed. resulting in significant yielding and homogeneous plastic deformation over the entire sample.

Powder Metallurgy of Nanostructured High Strength Materials

Eckert J.,Scudino S.,Yu P.,Duhamel C. 한국분말야금학회 2006 한국분말야금학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.1

Nanostructured or partially amorphous Al-and Zr-based alloys are attractive candidates for advanced high-strength lightweight materials. Such alloys can be prepared by quenching from the melt or by powder metallurgy using mechanical attrition techniques. This work focuses on mechanically attrited powders and their consolidation into bulk specimens. Selected examples of mechanical deformation behavior are presented, revealing that the properties can be tuned within a wide range of strength and ductility as a function of size and volume fraction of the different phases.

Migration and Memory of Central Europe

Eva Eckert 한국외국어대학교 동유럽발칸연구소 2011 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.28 No.1

이 논문은 사례연구와 야외연구의 결과를 바탕으로 각기 다른 문화에서 온 이주자와 이민자들의 융합의 도전에 대해서 말한다. 오늘날의 중부유럽에 초점을 두고, 세계적인 현상인 이주를 다루고 고국의 이미지를 형상화하는 동안 이주자들에 의해 공유되어지는 요소를 알아본다. 특히, 저자는 19세기 중반과 20세기 후반, 서로 다른 두 시기의 체코, 독일, 슬로바키아 그리고 베트남 이렇게 네 지역 민족들의 서로 다른 두 가지의 방향으로 즉, 텍사스와 체코로의 뚜렷한 이주역사를 살핀다. 저자는 중부유럽의 미래인 다민족, 다언어의 관점에서 설명한다; 정체성뿐만 아니라 개인의 심리, 기억과 결정까지 포함하는 역사적 현상의 복합체로서 이주를 바라본다; 무엇이 이주자들을 고무시키나, 그리고 개개인의 고국에 대한 기억이 이주를 선택하고 머무르게 하는지 아니면 고국으로 돌아가게 하는지에 대한 결정에 어떤 영향을 미치는가 하는 질문을 던진다; 개인의 신상과 지역사회에 내장된 기억과 정체성에 의존한다; 이주민 개인과 그 지역사회의 역사를 이주 드라마의 예로 들었다; 그리고 결론에서는 이주자들의 전망을 위해서 이주자와 선주민들 사이의 협상을 이룰 수 있는 이주법을 제안한다. 이 연구는 남북한 사이의 접촉과 충돌의 맥락에서 볼 때, 체코에서 슬로바키아인들의 융합이라는 긍정적인 결과를 강조한다. The article addresses challenges of migration and immigrant integration in different cultures and times using case studies and supporting the conclusions by fieldwork. It focuses on the situation in today’s Central Europe, treats migration as a worldwide phenomenon and identifies factors shared by migrants during decision making and constructing homeland images. Specifically, the author inspects migration history of four distinct ethnic groups, that of Czechs, Germans, Slovaks and Vietnamese, to two different destinations, i.e., Texas and Czech Republic, in two different periods of mid 19th and second half of the 20th century. She discusses perspectives of multiethnic and multilingual future of Central Europe; views migration as a complex historical phenomenon that involves collective identities as well as individual minds, memories and decisions; poses the question of what inspires people to migrate and how memories of one’s homeland affect decisions to stay in migration or to return; draws on memories and identities embedded in personal narratives and communities; examplifies the drama of migration on stories in personal letters and community narratives; and in conclusion offers a theory of migration that accounts for costs and gains in relation to migrant visions and negotiation powers of migrants and receivers. The study highlights positive outcomes of Slovak integration in Czech Republic in context of contacts and conflicts between Southern and Northern Korea.

Application Limits of a Method to Predict Distortion Caused by Mechanical Joining Technologies in Car Body Construction

A. Eckert,R. Neugebauer,M. Rossinger,M. Wahl,F. Schulz 한국소성가공학회 2011 기타자료 Vol.2011 No.8

This paper deals with the determination of application limits of an already presented method [1] to predict distortion of joined car body assemblies caused by mechanical joining technologies. The investigated method is particularly developed concerning the demands coming from the application in the automotive body production. Parameter studies in simulation and experiment are presented which show the influence of pre-straining and clamping on the joints properties and dimensional accuracy of the assembly. The gained cognitions allow conclusions about the quality of prediction of dimensional accuracy using the proposed simplified model in different joining situations. Finally, the investigated method is applied to a car body assembly.

Pride and Pastiche: Humor and Intertextual Parody in Bridget Jones`s Diary

( Kenneth Eckert ) 한국영어영문학회 2017 영어 영문학 Vol.63 No.2

Criticism of Helen Fielding`s Bridget Jones`s Diary (1996) has generally been limited to interrogating its literary value as `Chick Lit,` feminist analysis, and noting its complex intertextual mesh of allusions to Austen`s Pride and Prejudice and movie/TV versions of both novels. Less attention has been paid to why or how P&P functions as a parodic text informing BJD. This paper argues through a close reading that Fielding uses the language registers, behavioral codes, and wider romance tropes and canonical scenes of P&P to serve as a humorous contrast against Bridget. Bridget is funny because she aspires to this fantasy romantic ideal of poise, control, and prestige which is comically denied to her or deflated. Fielding`s parodic technique is neither critical to P&P nor to Bridget but is rather sympathetically playful, so that Bridget earns the reader`s sympathy and identification.

Christian Purgatory and Redemption in Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Páramo

Ken Eckert 한국라틴아메리카학회 2011 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.24 No.4

Rulfo’s Pedro Paramo has been read as archetype, capitalist critique, or modernist surrealism. Its religious interpretations have generally seen the novel as pessimistic and its characters damned. However, the text gains clarity and religious meaning once Comala is understood as a Christian purgatory with an indeterminate geography, physicality, and time, and we realize that Juan arrives already physically dead. Some of the novel’s characters spiritually stagnate or decline, as does Pedro Paramo and Renteria, but others are purified and attain self-understanding, as do Dorotea and Juan. Climactically, Susana’s death and salvation affirms the purgatorial aspect of Comala as Paramo’s defeat results in his dissolution and regeneration for the town’s inhabitants.