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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : E. Jacobsen,S. Zhu (검색결과 2 건)
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Cisgenesis: an alternative approach to GM crops
E. Jacobsen,S. Zhu 한국육종학회 2012 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2012 No.07
Plant breeding has at this moment two gene pools available: 1. plant breeders’ gene pool consisting of all crossable germplasm. All the genes from this source are available in classical plant breeding. Functional genes isolated from this natural source are called “cisgenes”; 2. a new gene pool consists of transgenes, which are chimeric and mostly partly or totally consisting of genes from non-crossable species, including bacteria, viruses, etc. When GM breeding started in the eighties of last century’ only transgenes belonging to the new gene pool were available. The complicated biosafety regulations, needed for this new gene pool, have been based on these so called transgenic traits but because of the transformation process accidentally they are also including cisgenes. In this way cisgenesis belongs to the expensive class of GM breeding which is only practiced by multinationals in the so called large crops such as maize, soybean and cotton. Reconstructed logic delivers several arguments against the classification of cisgenesis into the GMO class: 1. Cisgenes are already existing in nature and belong to the breeders gene pool, 2. It does not fit the definition of a GMO, 3. It is in practice classical breeding replacing existing introgression and translocation breeding with the advantage of absence of linkage drag, 4. The EFSA recently showed that cisgenesis is as safe as classical plant breeding, 5. Another EU committee on new techniques concluded in majority that a sequence of at least 20 bp is needed to come to a new combination which has to be classified as GMO. So, cisgenic plants, mostly without insertion of borders, are not considered to be a GMO. A simple rule should be developed, including criterions, for defining true cisgenic plants. In this presentation, the creation of cisgenic, more durable, resistance of potato against potato late blight will be discussed. This is based on working simultaneously on the genetics of both potato and Phytophthora infestance and on stacking of broad spectrum R-genes. Isolation and use of over 20 R-genes and more than seven Avr-genes will be described and the use of them to come to functional stacking of at least three R-genes. Another important issue is, because of absence of cisgenic selection markers, the setup of a marker free transformation system. Cisgenesis is the most effective way to improve in one step worldwide frequently used free potato varieties, which are highly susceptible to late blight. If needed additional broad spectrum R-genes can be added later by re-transformation.
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J.E. Yang,C.A.Jones,H.J. Kim,J.S. Jacobsen 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 2002 環境硏究 Vol.19 No.-
Crops grown in calcareous Montana soils with Olsen-P concen-trations above critical levels often show responses to phosphorus (P) fertilizers. Objectives of this experiment were to (i) investigate the effects of P fertilization and soil incubation time on soil inorganic P fractions (P_(i)) and Olsen-P concentrations, and (ii) determine the relationship between each P_(i) fraction and Olsen-P in P-responsive calcareous soils. Six soils (Ap horizon) were collected from P-responsive locations in Montana based on previous field and greenhouse trials. Each soil was fertilized with 0,11,22, and 33㎎ P㎏^(-1)-soil and incubated at 20℃for up to 12 weeks. Soils collected after 1,4,8, and 12 weeks of incubation were analyzed for Olsen-P, and inorganic P was fractionated into Resin-P, Water-P, NaHCO₃-P, (bic-P), NaOH-P, and HCI-P. Relative distributions of each P_(i) fraction followed the order of HCI-P>NaOH-P>Resin-P>bic-P>Water-P, with NaOH-P and HCI-P representing greater than 75% of the total P_(i). In general, Resin-P, Water-P, bic-P, their summation (Avail-P), and Olsen-P were significantly correlated with the amount of P added, while NaOH-P and HCI-P were no. Compared to the other P_(i) fractions, Resin-P was more highly correlated with the amount of P added and increased the most following P fertilization. Olsen-P was significantly correlated with Resin-P at most incubation times, yet, in general, was not significantly correlated with bic-P, NaOH-P, or HCI-P. During the incubation, Resin-P decreased the most of the three available fractions, yet Olsen-P was relatively constant. Combined results suggest that available P_(i) fractions, especially the Resin-P fraction, may be better indicators than Olsen-P at predicting P availability and P responses in calcareous soils.
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