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Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Microbes
( Hyojik Yang ),( David R Goodlett ),( Robert K Ernst ),( Alison J Scott ) 한국질량분석학회 2020 Mass spectrometry letters Vol.11 No.3
Microbes influence many aspects of human life from the environment to health, yet evaluating their biological processes at the chemical level can be problematic. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) enables direct evaluation of microbial chemical processes at the atomic to molecular levels without destruction of valuable two-dimensional information. MSI is a label-free method that allows multiplex spatiotemporal visualization of atomic- or molecular-level information of microbial and microberelated samples. As a result, microbial MSI has become an important field for both mass spectrometrists and microbiologists. In this review, basic techniques for microbial MSI, such as ionization methods and analyzers, are explored. In addition, we discuss practical applications of microbial MSI and various data-processing techniques.
Multiparameter Flow Cytometry: Advances in High Resolution Analysis
O'Donnell, Erika A.,Ernst, David N.,Hingorani, Ravi The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2013 Immune Network Vol.13 No.2
Over the past 40 years, flow cytometry has emerged as a leading, application-rich technology that supports high-resolution characterization of individual cells which function in complex cellular networks such as the immune system. This brief overview highlights advances in multiparameter flow cytometric technologies and reagent applications for characterization and functional analysis of cells modulating the immune network. These advances significantly support highthroughput and high-content analyses and enable an integrated understanding of the cellular and molecular interactions that underlie complex biological systems.
Multiparameter Flow Cytometry: Advances in High Resolution Analysis
Erika A O’Donnell,David N Ernst,Ravi Hingorani 대한면역학회 2013 Immune Network Vol.13 No.2
Over the past 40 years, flow cytometry has emerged as a leading, application-rich technology that supports high-resolution characterization of individual cells which function in complex cellular networks such as the immune system. This brief overview highlights advances in multiparameter flow cytometric technologies and reagent applications for characterization and functional analysis of cells modulating the immune network. These advances significantly support highthroughput and high-content analyses and enable an integrated understanding of the cellular and molecular interactions that underlie complex biological systems.
Type VI secretion is a major virulence determinant in <i>Burkholderia mallei</i>
Schell, Mark A.,Ulrich, Ricky L.,Ribot, Wilson J.,Brueggemann, Ernst E.,Hines, Harry B.,Chen, Dan,Lipscomb, Lyla,Kim, H. Stanley,Mrá,zek, Jan,Nierman, William C.,DeShazer, David Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007 Molecular microbiology Vol.64 No.6
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P> <I>Burkholderia mallei</I> is a host‐adapted pathogen and a category B biothreat agent. Although the <I>B. mallei</I> VirAG two‐component regulatory system is required for virulence in hamsters, the virulence genes it regulates are unknown. Here we show with expression profiling that overexpression of <I>virAG</I> resulted in transcriptional activation of ∼60 genes, including some involved in capsule production, actin‐based intracellular motility, and type VI secretion (T6S). The 15 genes encoding the major sugar component of the homopolymeric capsule were up‐expressed > 2.5‐fold, but capsule was still produced in the absence of <I>virAG</I>. Actin tail formation required <I>virAG</I> as well as <I>bimB</I>, <I>bimC</I> and <I>bimE</I>, three previously uncharacterized genes that were activated four‐ to 15‐fold when VirAG was overproduced. Surprisingly, actin polymerization was found to be dispensable for virulence in hamsters. In contrast, genes encoding a T6S system were up‐expressed as much as 30‐fold and mutations in this T6S gene cluster resulted in strains that were avirulent in hamsters. SDS‐PAGE and mass spectrometry demonstrated that BMAA0742 was secreted by the T6S system when <I>virAG</I> was overexpressed. Purified His‐tagged BMAA0742 was recognized by glanders antiserum from a horse, a human and mice, indicating that this Hcp‐family protein is produced <I>in vivo</I> during infection.</P>
Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests
Liang, Jingjing,Crowther, Thomas W.,Picard, Nicolas,Wiser, Susan,Zhou, Mo,Alberti, Giorgio,Schulze, Ernst-Detlef,McGuire, A. David,Bozzato, Fabio,Pretzsch, Hans,de-Miguel, Sergio,Paquette, Alain,H&eac American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2016 Science Vol.354 No.6309
<P>The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone-US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation-is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities.</P>