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Breastfeeding Promotion and Support Policies in Brazil
Claudio M A O Lima,Waldyr Maymone 대한소아소화기영양학회 2019 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.22 No.4
To the Editor: In a recent publication in Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Basrowi et al. [1] made several comments on the importance of breastfeeding in the workplace for female workers in Indonesia. In the discussion, the breastfeeding policy and support for workers in Indonesia were mentioned, noting the policies adopted in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Scandinavia, and Asian countries. Being the largest country in South America, both geographically and politically, and recognized worldwide as an exemplar for breastfeeding, Brazil has achieved prominence in this area, and I therefore wish to add some comments. In issue No. 408, the French magazine La Santé de l'homme (Human health), edited by the National Institution for Prevention and Health Education in France, reported on the experience of the Brazilian government in the management of breastfeeding public policies. Brazil has the largest and most complex network of milk banks in the world, with 221 units and 186 collection points. Between 2009 and 2016, the Brazilian Network of Human Milk Banks benefited more than 1.8 million newborns and had support from 1.3 million donors, reducing child mortality by more than 70% and representing an economy of R$180 million. The profile of the Brazilian family changed during the 1980s, when the number of families headed by women almost doubled. As a result, there was a significant increase in the participation of women in the labor market, contributing directly or indirectly to the composition of family income and being forced to assume a triple life: mother, housewife, and salaried worker [2]. Many women are unable to successfully adapt to this triple life, leading to an interruption in breastfeeding. Women with greater purchasing power and more education tend to have few difficulties in reconciling breastfeeding with a return to work because they rely on private service assistance for the baby and the household. On the other hand, Brazilian women with less schooling and low purchasing power face more obstacles in adapting the life of a mother to that of work. Regardless of maternal labor, another aspect that has relevance in the early weaning process is the number of hours worked. Weaning rates are higher when work is over 20 hours per week. In 2013, Valduga [3] observed in a study with ten mothers that the relationship with employment was one of the reasons for weaning. Of the ten participants, eight had formal paid work and soon after the end of maternity leave were already introducing supplements to their children. In 2008, according to a study by Damião et al. [4] in Rio de Janeiro, the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding in non-working women was double than that of mothers who were salaried employees [5, 6]. Brazilian legislation has a postpartum leave of up to four months and two half-hour intervals during working hours or the option to leave one hour early so that the mother can breastfeed her baby until she is six months old. When the child’s health requires, the period of six months may be extended at the discretion of the competent authority. Even so, the right to maternity leave of 120 days is considered insufficient time to promote the practice of exclusive breastfeeding, which should be six months, a factor detrimental to the continuity of breastfeeding [5, 6]. In 2008, a law created the Citizen Company Program, which, through the granting of a tax incentive, encourages companies to increase the duration of maternity leave to six months. In 2010, the Brazilian Ministry of Health, together with the National Health Surveillance Agency, regulated the implementation of breastfeeding support rooms in companies through a technical note aimed at women workers to comply with the recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding up to the first six months and supplemented up to two years or more. Also in 2010, the Ministry of Health developed the “Supporting Working Women and Breastfee...
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Glaydson Simões dos Reis,Mohammad Khalid Bin Mahbub,Michaela Wilhelm,Eder Claudio Lima,Carlos Hoffmann Sampaio,Caroline Saucier,Silvio Luis Pereira Dias 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.11
Sludge based activated carbons (ACs) were used to remove selected pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac (DCF) and nimesulide (NM) from aqueous solutions. The powered sewage sludge was mixed with different proportions of ZnCl2. The mixture was pyrolyzed in a conventional oven using three different temperatures under inert atmosphere. Afterwards, in order to increase the specific surface area and uptake capacity the carbonized materials were acidified with 6mol L−1 HCl under reflux at 80 oC for 3 hours. The characterization of ACs was achieved by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, TGA, hydrophobicity index by water, n-heptane vapor adsorption and nitrogen adsorption/ desorption curves. The specific surface area (SBET) of adsorbents varied between 21.2 and 679.3m2g−1. According to the water and n-heptane analysis data all ACs had hydrophobic surface. Experimental variables such as pH, mass of adsorbent and temperature on the adsorption capacities were studied. The optimum pH, mass of adsorbent and temperature for adsorption of DCF and NM onto ACs were found to be 7.0 (DCF) and 10.0 (NM), 30mg and 25 oC, respectively. The kinetic adsorption was investigated using general-order, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models, while the general-order model described the adsorption process most suitably. The maximum amounts of DCF and NM adsorbed were 156.7 and 66.4mg g−1 for sample 1(500-15-0.5), respectively.
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Elen Aquino Perpetuo,Regina Célia Pereira Marques,Maria Anita Mendes,Wanessa Cristina de Lima,Carlos Frederico Martins Menck,Claudio Augusto Oller do Nascimento 한국생물공학회 2009 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.14 No.6
In this work, the biodegradation mechanism of phenol and sub products (such as catechol and hydroquinone) in Chromobacterium coli was investigated by cloning and molecular characterization of a phenol monooxygenase gene in Escherichia coli. This gene (Cvmp) is very similar (74 and 59% of similarity and identity, respectively) to the ortholog from Ralstomia eutropha, bacteria capable of utilizing phenol as the sole carbon source. The phenol biodegradation ability of E.coli recombinant strains was tested by cell-growth in a minimal medium containing phenol as the sole source of carbon and release of intermediary metabolites (catechol and hydroquinone). Interestingly, during the growth of these strains on phenol, catechol, and hydroquinone accumulated transiently in the medium. These metabolites were further analyzed by HPLC. These results indicated that phenol can be initially orto or para hydroxylated to produce cathecol or hydroquinone, respectively, followed by meta-cleavage of aromatic rings. To verify this information, the metabolites obtained from HPLC were submitted to LC/MS to confirm their chemical structure, thereby indicating that the recombinant strains utilize two different routes simultaneously, leading to different ring-fission substrates for the metabolism of phenol In this work, the biodegradation mechanism of phenol and sub products (such as catechol and hydroquinone) in Chromobacterium coli was investigated by cloning and molecular characterization of a phenol monooxygenase gene in Escherichia coli. This gene (Cvmp) is very similar (74 and 59% of similarity and identity, respectively) to the ortholog from Ralstomia eutropha, bacteria capable of utilizing phenol as the sole carbon source. The phenol biodegradation ability of E.coli recombinant strains was tested by cell-growth in a minimal medium containing phenol as the sole source of carbon and release of intermediary metabolites (catechol and hydroquinone). Interestingly, during the growth of these strains on phenol, catechol, and hydroquinone accumulated transiently in the medium. These metabolites were further analyzed by HPLC. These results indicated that phenol can be initially orto or para hydroxylated to produce cathecol or hydroquinone, respectively, followed by meta-cleavage of aromatic rings. To verify this information, the metabolites obtained from HPLC were submitted to LC/MS to confirm their chemical structure, thereby indicating that the recombinant strains utilize two different routes simultaneously, leading to different ring-fission substrates for the metabolism of phenol
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Rodrigo Romero Correa,Rubens Peres Mendes,Diego Darley Velasquez Pineros,Aymara Eduarda De Lima,Andre Luis do Valle De Zoppa,Luis Claudio Lopes Correia da Silva,Ricardo de Francisco Strefezzi,Silvio H The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 2024 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.25 No.2
Background: Preservation of biological tissues has been used since ancient times. Regardless of the method employed, tissue preservation is thought to be a vital step in veterinary surgery teaching and learning. Objectives: This study was designed to determine the usability of chemically preserved cadaveric equine heads for surgical teaching in veterinary medicine. Methods: Six cadaveric equine heads were collected immediately after death or euthanasia and frozen until fixation. Fixation was achieved by using a hypertonic solution consisting of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate, and an alcoholic solution containing ethanol and glycerin. Chemically preserved specimens were stored at low temperatures (2℃ to 6℃) in a conventional refrigerator. The specimens were submitted to gross and organoleptic assessment right after fixative solution injection (D0) and within 10, 20, and 30 days of fixation (D10, D20, and D30, respectively). Samples of tissue from skin, tongue, oral vestibule, and masseter muscle were collected for histological evaluation at the same time points. Results: Physical and organoleptic assessments revealed excellent specimen quality (mean scores higher than 4 on a 5-point scale) in most cases. In some specimens, lower scores (3) were assigned to the range of mouth opening, particularly on D0 and D10. A reduced the range of mouth opening may be a limiting factor in teaching activities involving structures located in the oral cavity. Conclusions: The excellent physical, histologic, and organoleptic characteristics of the specimens in this sample support their usability in teaching within the time frame considered. Appropriate physical and organoleptic characteristics (color, texture, odor, and flexibility) of the specimens in this study support the use of the method described for preparation of reusable anatomical specimens.
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