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Misfortune and the Contemplative Life
Christopher Turner 한국서양고전학회 2017 西洋古典學硏究 Vol.56 No.3
In this article, I consider Aristotle’s discussion of the contemplative life as a response to the fundamentally destabilizing menace of misfortune and an uncertain future. Beginning with a recapitulation of how that menace emerges in NE I, 10, I then investigate how several passages in NE X, 6-9 can be read as responding to it. The perfect completeness of contemplative activity is contrasted with the necessary incompleteness of purposive, practical activities that always aim at something beyond themselves, even when they also happen to be ends in themselves (e.g., political virtues such as courage and justice). I closely analyze how the happiness of the contemplative life is supposed to be more durable and continuous than other human activities, including practical activity within a political context. Drawing on Aristotle’s account of intellect in De Anima III, I argue that since the characteristic activity of intellect (νοῦς), intellection, is invulnerable to harm in its engagement with its objects, this confers a kind of divine blessedness on the contemplative life. Yet even a life characterized by contemplation, to the extent that the human being is a rational animal, remains exposed to misfortune to an unsettling degree. This tension between the human being’s highest actualization as intellective activity, a perfection that seems to finally unite human being and divinity in the carrying out of a divine and blessed human life, and the human being’s animal, mortal nature, embodied, exposed to harmful influences in its environment, subject to suffering, is treated in the light of Homer’s story of Odysseus’ stay on Calypso’s island (Od. 5) to argue that ultimately such a blessed life requires too high of a price and that we should, like Odysseus, reject the possibility to become divine if that means losing everything that makes human life precious and irreplaceable.
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Yue Shen,Matthew R. Zeglinski,Christopher T. Turner,Sheetal A. Raithatha,Zhenguo Wu,Valerio Russo,Cameron Oram,Sho Hiroyasu,Layla Nabai,Hongyan Zhao,Tatjana Bozin,Kathryn Westendorf,Irina Kopko,Rachel 생화학분자생물학회 2018 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.50 No.-
Granzyme B (GzmB) is a serine protease that has long been thought to function exclusively in lymphocyte-mediated apoptosis. In recent years, this paradigm has been revisited due to the recognition that GzmB accumulates in the extracellular milieu in many autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, and contributes to impaired tissue remodeling due to the cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins. Knockout studies suggest that GzmB-mediated cleavage of decorin (DCN) contributes to impaired collagen fibrillogenesis and remodeling. As DCN is anti-fibrotic and contributes to reduced hypertrophic scarring, GzmB-induced DCN cleavage could play a role in wound healing following burn injury. In the present study, a novel, gel-formulated, first-in-class small-molecule inhibitor of GzmB, VTI- 1002, was assessed in a murine model of impaired, diabetic burn wound healing. VTI-1002 exhibited high specificity, potency, and target selectivity. Gel-formulated VTI-1002 was able to penetrate the stratum corneum and was retained in the skin with minimal systemic absorption. Daily topical administration of VTI-1002 gel for 30 days following thermal injury showed significantly accelerated wound closure, increased DCN protein levels, and collagen organization that was translated into significantly increased wound tensile strength compared to controls. Overall, VTI-1002 gel was well-tolerated in vivo and no adverse events were observed. Topical application of VTI-1002 represents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of cutaneous burn wounds.
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