木本植物의 靭皮纖維에 關한 硏究 (第一報) : 싸리, 뽕나무類 및 삼지닥나무의 靭皮纖維의 特性에 關하여 1. On the Characteristics of Bast Fiber in the Lespedeza spp., Morus spp. and Edgeworthia

洪秉和,文昌國,辛東韶 慶尙大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

木本植物의 靭皮纖維를 開發 利用코져 싸리類 15種은 水原林木育種硏究所에서 뽕나무 5種은 晋州 慶南蠶業試驗場에서 그리고 삼지닥 나무는 慶南南海郡南海面平峴里에서 採取한 供試木21 個樹種에 대하여 根元部, 中部 그리고 上部로 나누어 1個樹種當 3本씩 그의 길이, 幅 및 膜厚등을 調査하였든바 그 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 靭皮纖維長, 幅 및 膜厚 (長) 樹種 靭皮纖維長範圍 (平均) 變異係數 싸리類 882∼3038μ(1563.0μ) 1.9∼7.2% 뽕나무類 3087∼6958μ(5083.5μ) 0.6∼1.9% 삼지닥나무 3528∼6292μ(4907.5μ) 0.7∼1.3% (幅) 싸리類 平均 15.8μ, 뽕나무類 平均 21.8μ, 삼지닥나무 平均 15.9μ (膜厚) 싸리類 平均 4.6μ, 뽕나무類 平均 6.4μ, 삼지닥나무 平均 3.6μ나타 났는데 싸리類와 뽕나무類의 靭皮 纖維長에 대한 部位別로는 대개 中部가 약간 긴 傾向을 보였으며 個體間은 싸리類에서는 싸리나무가 뽕나무類에서는 水原桑 4號가 優秀하였다. 2. 樹種間 靭皮纖維長에 대한 分散分析을 한바 싸리나무類 뽕나무類 다 같이 有意性을 나타내었다. 3. 21個 樹種 다 같이 팔프로서 優秀性은 論할바 아니나 特種紙의 叩解 및 抄紙作業에 必要한 基礎的材料로써 察考하기 위하여 纖維結合面積, 룬켈 係數 및 桑軟係數를 算出하였다. This study carried out to investigate the characteristics of h~st fiber of several woody plants, 15 species of Lespedeza spp., 5 species of Morus sppo. and SAMJIDACKNAMOO (Edgeworthia papyrifera S.et.Z.) The specimens of Lespedeza were collected from Institute of Forest Genetics in Suwon, Morus from Kyung Nam Sericulture Experiment Station and Edgeworthia papyrifero from Namhae island. All specimens of 21 species were divided into 3 parts; lower, middle and upper. And the length, width and thickness of bast fiber of 3 specimens collected from each part for each species were measured. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The dimensions of bast fiber (1) On length Species Range(Mean) C.V(%) Lespedezo spp. 882-3038μ(1563.0μ) 1.9-7.2 Morus spp. 3087-6958μ(5083.5μ) 0.6-1.9 Edgeworthia papyrifera 3528-6292μ(4907.5μ) 0.7-1.3 (2) On width Species Width(Mean) Lespedeza spp. 15.8μ Morus spp 21.0μ Edgeworthia paAvrifera 15.9μ (3) On thickness Species Thickness(Mean) Lespedeza spp. 4.6μ Morus spp. 6.4μ Edgeworthia papyrifera 3.6μ The values of bast fiber length of Lespedeza and Morus show a little longer at the middle part. Among species of Lespedeza spp. SARINAMOO(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz) shows longest and Morus spp. shows longest on SUWONSANG No.4.(Morus alba). 2. There were significances between species of Lespedeza spp. and Morus spp. through their bast fiber length. 3. Fiber bonding ratio, runkel ratio and flexibility coeffioient were calculated for reference to excellent paper making process, beating or the formation of the paper sheet.

韓國産 主要 樹種材에 對한 못(釘)의 引拔抵抗 : 第一報 針葉樹材에 對하여 I. On the Softwood

洪秉和,李敬允 慶尙大學校 1973 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

우리나라産 5樹種의 針葉樹林에 대하여 못(釘)의 引拔抵抗試驗을 하여 얻은 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 引拔抵抗을 樹種別로 比較할 경우에는 낙엽송이 가장 크고 해송이 가장 적었으며, 화백나무, 소나무 및 잣나무 等은 中位로 나타났다. 2. 못(釘)의 打入長이 20mm와 30mm일 때 單位長에 대한 引拔抵抗은 打入長 30mm가 컸다. 3. 打入面을 板目, 柾目, 目裏 그리고 木口面 일 때 板目面이 引拔抵抗이 가장 크고 다음으로 柾目, 目裏, 그리고 木口面 順으로 나타났다. 4. 못(釘)의 引拔抵抗値는 同一樹種이라도 다르게 나타나는 것은 比重과 年輪密度에 크게 關與됨을 알수있다. The withdrawal resistances of a nail on 5 of softwood grown in Korea. are as follows: 1. Of the comparative resistance on each species Larix leptorepis Gordon (NACKYEPSONG) has showed the greatest value, Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl. (WHABAECKNAMU), Pinus densiflors S. et. Z. (SONAMU) and Finns koraicesis S. et. Z. (JATNAMU) show middle, and Pinus Thunbergii Parfatore.(HAESONG) the smallest. 2. Of the comparative resistance per unit on each piling length 20 mm and 30 mm, the latter shows the greater. 3. Among 4 sections, tangential section shows the highest value of resistance, radial section is the next, in turn inside section and cross section. 4. Each withdrawal resistance of same part on some species shows every different value in reference to its specific gravity and annual ring density.

未間伐 잣나무材의 成長變異에 關한 硏究

洪秉和 慶尙大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.19 No.1

잣나무 人工造林地에서 間伐하지 않고 生育한 37年生 잣나무를 優勢木, 準優勢木, 劣勢木으로 選定하여 公試材로 하여 樹高別 部位別로 年輪幅과 比重 그리고 各種 解剖學的 性質과 그 變異를 調査한 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 年輪幅은 劣勢木, 準優勢木, 優勢木 順으로 넓었으며 年輪木出現度數分布는 優勢木이 2∼5mm사이가 73%, 準優勢木이 1∼3.5mm 사이가 78%, 劣勢木이 0.1∼1mm 사이가 55%의 出現度를 보였다. 2. 全樹幹에서의 比重은 準優勢木, 優勢木, 劣勢木順으로 낮았으며 年輪幅이 아주 좁은면 比重이 낮아짐을 알 수 있다. 3. 假導管의 平均 길이는 큰 差가 없으나 幅과 膜厚는 優勢木, 準優勢木, 劣勢木 順으로 적었다. 4. 橫斷面上의 一年輪內의 假導管의 幅은 春材部에서는 切線方向의 幅보다 半徑方向의 幅이 컸으나 秋材部에서는 그 反對의 傾向을 보였으며 膜厚도 春材보다 秋材가 더 두터웠다. 5. 經單面相의 有綠膜孔은 單列로서 그의 直徑은 春材가 크고 그 數도 春材가 더 많았으며 直交分野의 膜孔은 窓狀型이었고 그 上下에 放射假導管을 가지며 內膜은 平滑하였다. 6. 單列 및 紡種狀放射組織을 가지며 單列放射組織의 높이와 幅은 材種에 관계없이 비슷하였다. 7. 樹脂溝는 垂直. 水平樹脂溝를 가지며 移行材나 秋材에 偏在하여 散在하고 그의 크기는 平均 110μ이었다. 以上의 結果에서 樹令에 따라 成長變異가 다르나 年輪幅이 아주 좁으면 比重이 낮고 假導管의 길이가 비슷한 것이 未間伐 잣나무의 特性이라 思料된다. About dominant, co-dominant, and recessive tree of 37 years, Pinus koraiensis wood unthinned, annual ring width, specific gravity and various anatomical properties and growth variations were investigated. The result obtained summarized as follows; 1. In annual ring width, the widest was in dominant, the next in co-dominant, the narrowest in recessive tree. In frequencies of statistical annual ring width dispersion, dominant trees were in 73% at ring width value2-5mm, co-dominant trees were in 78% at the value of ring width 1-3.5mm recessive trees were in 55% at the value 0.1-1mm. 2. In specific gravities, the highest was in co-dominant tree, next in dominant, the lowest in recessive. 3. In tracheid width and thickness, the highest values were in dominant tree, next in co-dominant, the lowest values were in recessive. In any case, tracheid lengths were comparable. 4. In tracheid width on cross section, it has showed narrower in tangential direction at the spring wood portion than the radial direction, but at summer wood portion, it has reverse tendency. 5. It had bordered pits and dispersed in uniseriate, their diameter size and pits number dispersed showed higher value at spring wood portion than summer wood. In morphology of pits, they were window-liked, had plane innermembrane and companied ray tracheids upper and bottom side. 6. About the ray element, it showed uniseriate and fursiform. The ray elements' heights and width were comparable in any wood species. 7. It had vertical and horizontal resin canals, intermediated wood existed much more dispersely at summer wood portion at size, 110μ in average.

輸入 인도네시아産材에 戴한 못(釘)의 引拔抵抗

洪秉和,朴鍾烈 慶尙大學校 1975 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

輸入 인도네시아産 6個 樹種에 對한 못(釘)의 引拔 抵抗試驗을 하여 얻은 結果는 다음과 같다. 1. 樹種別 引拔抵抗을 比較할 경우에 Eusideroxylon zwageri가 가장 크고 Kommpassia malaceensis, Sindora velutina, Shorea laevis, Shorea leprosula 그리고 Shorea assamica 順으로 나타났다. 2. 못(釘)의 打入長을 30mm와 20mm로 나눌 경우에 單位長에 對한 引拔抵抗은 打入長 30mm 경우가 컸다. 3. 打入面을 板目面, 柾目面, 木裏面 그리고 木口面으로 나눌 경우에 板目面에 打入할 경우가 引拔抵抗이 가장 크고 柾目面, 目裏面 그리고 木口面 順으로 나타났다. 4. 못(釘)의 引拔抵抗値는 比重에 크게 관여함을 알 수 있다. The withdrawal resistances of a nail on 6 imported Indonesian species of hard wood are as follows: 1. Of the comparative resistance on each species, Eusideroxylon zwageri(ULIN) has shown the greatest value, in turn, Koompassia malaccensis(MENGERIS), Sindora velutina(SINAMPAR), Shorea laevis(MERANTI BERAT), Shorea leprosula(MERANTI MERAH), and Shorea assamica(METANTIPUTIH). 2. Of the comparative resistance per unit on each piling length 20 mm and 30 mm, the latter shows the greater. 3. Among 4 sections, tangential section shows the highest value of resistance, radial section is the next, in turn inside section and cross section. 4. The specific gravity of wood specimen has great influence on the withdrawal resistance of a nail.

竹材의 合板製造에 關한 硏究 : Ⅰ. On the Veneer cutting and Veneer yield 第1報 單板初削 및 收率에 對하여

洪秉和,李敬允 慶尙大學校 1976 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

本 試驗은 竹材를 利用한 合板裁造 技術開發을 爲하여 孟宗竹材에 對한 竹單板 초재條件 및 收率을 調査하였든 바 그 結果는 다음과 같다. ① 초재하기 전 原竹을 끊는 물속에 24時間 ??하는 것이 單板 초재 最適條件이였다. ② 1% NaOH濃度下에 6時間 弗하는 것이 單板초제 最適條件이였다. ③ 徑級別 單板 收率은 徑級의 크기에 比例하여 單板 收率도 增加하였다. This experiment was carried out to know ratary lathe cutting conditions and their veneer yields in Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel for technical cultivation on plybamboo production. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The best condition of rotary lathe veneer cutting was to be heated in water at 100℃ for 24 hours before ratary cutting on bamboo materials. 2. The best condition of ratary lathe veneer cutting was to be heated in density of 1% Sodium Hydroxide(NaOH:H=40.00) for 6 hours before ratary cutting on bamboo. 3. Veneer yield was increased in proportion to the diameter of breast height for bamboo stem.

竹材의 合板製造에 關한 硏究 : 第2報 竹單板 乾燥 및 接着力에 對하여 Ⅱ. On the Adhesion and Drying of Bamboo Veneer

李敬允,洪秉和 慶尙大學校 1976 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

竹材 合板 開發을 目的으로 竹單板 乾燥 및 接着力을 究明하기 爲하여 試驗하여 얻은 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 竹單板 乾燥조건 (1) 溫度에 따른 乾燥時間은 乾燥溫度 100-140˚C下에서 含水率 90%일 때는 3分, 含水率 30%일때는 1分이 소요되었다. (2) 單板 두께別, 含水率別, 適正乾燥條件은 單板두께 0.3, 0.6mm의 경우 含水率 70, 50, 30%時의 乾燥溫度는 100℃에서 風速은 1m/sec가, 1mm 單板은 乾燥溫度 70%時는 100℃에서, 30%時는 100-140℃에서 1m/sec의 風速이 適當하였다. 2. 單板接着條件 (1) 接着濟 種類別 接着力은 索소指接着劑와 메라민 索소指接着劑別 대나무 單板 接着力은 常態接着力이 40kg/㎠, 接着力은 17kg/㎠ 그리고 溫冷水浸적 接着力은 26kg/㎠로서 基準店着强度보다 2~5倍의 優秀한 接着力을 보였다. (2)接着劑 ?布量別이 있어서는 常態試驗에서 25gr/sg·ft, 溫冷水試驗에서는 35gr/sg·ft로서 가장 높은 값이나 適正芬布量은 30gr/sg·ft임을 알 수 있었다. (3) ???力別 接着力은 常態試驗에서 15kg/㎠,耐水試驗에서 10kg/㎠일때가 가장 높에서 대나무 單板의 경우 열??力은 10kg/㎠以上이 要求되었다. This experiment was carried out to find the suitable dry condition and abhesive strength of bamboo veneer for the impnovement of plybamboo technique. The results are summarized as follows: Ⅰ. Suitable dry condition shown by moisture content and veneer thickness. 1. When the veneer of 70, 50, and 30% of moisture contents were used, the optimum drying periods were estimeted as three, two and one minute respectively. 2. Adequate temperatures and air velocity for each thickness and moisture content of bamboo veneer were determined as follows: Ⅱ. Adhesive subatancer and adhesive strength. 1. When urea resin glue and melamine ruea resin glue were used as adhesive substances, the adhesive strength were estimated as 40kg/cm²under the boiling test. And above estimates were seemed to be 2-3 times highter than that of standard adhesives. 2. The maximum adhesive strength were exhibited when 25gr/sq.ft of adhesive were used under the normal test, and 35gr/sq.ft under the hot and cold soaking test. Consequently, the adequate amount of adhesivs substancer was estimated as 30gr/sq.ft. 3. The maximum adhesion strength shown by hot pressure of gluting was estimated as 15kg/cm²under the normal test, and 10kg/cm² under the water proof test. These adhesive strength would be enough for the practical use in plybamboo technique, for the appropriate strength for this technique is supposed to be 10kg/cm²

定狀波裝置에 의한 라왕合板 의 吸音과 音響임피이던스

홍병화(Byung Wha Hong) 한국가구학회 1996 한국가구학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The acoustic absorption coefficie nt and acoustic impedance of 3, 5, 7 plywoods for zero degree incident sound, were measured by the standing wave method, which is more simple in the setup and give more accorate results than do the other measured methods.<br/> The dependence of the acoustic absorption coefficient and acoustic impedance on the thickness of the sample itself and the backing air gap in the sample plate was investigated experimentally in the frequency range from 100 to 1800 Hz, and the following result was obtained.<br/> 1. The acoustic absorption coefficient increased with increasing vs. frequency for 3, 5, 7 plywoods without backing air gap<br/> 2. The acoustic absorption coefficient increased with backing air gap than without backing air gap in band of low frequency<br/> 3. The high acoustic absorption coefficient transposed the band of low frequency with increasing plywood thickness and backing air gap.<br/> 4. Normal acoustic impedance decresed with incresing as a function of frequency<br/>

지리산산 (産) 참나무류의 목섬유 변이에 관하여

홍병화(Byung Wha Hong),문창국(Chang Kuk Moon),신동소(Dong So Shin) 한국산림과학회 1972 한국산림과학회지 Vol.14 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate on the variation of wood fiber dimensions of some oakwoods. Every 2 annual ring was selected for specimens from pith toward bark up to 28th annual ring on 3 species of Oak SINGALNAMOO (Quercus mongorica Fisch.), JOLCHAMNAMOO (Quercus serrata Thunb.) and KULCHAMNAMOO (Quercus variabilis Blume) which grew in Mt. Jiri. The investgated results are as follows: 1. Values of wood fiber lengths increase rapidly up to 16th annual ring, however, considerably stable at the rear part. 2. The increment of wood fiber width and thickness by annual rings shows quite inactive contrary to the length. 3. There was no significance between species through their wood fiber lengths. 4. And these wood fibers believed to be valuable for pulp-wood through their fiber bonding ratio, Runkel ratio and flexibility coefficient.

집성재의 핑거길이가 휨강도성능에 미치는 영향

홍병화(Byung Wha Hong),변희섭(Hee Seop Byeon),김종만(Jong Man Kim) 한국가구학회 2000 한국가구학회지 Vol.11 No.2

This paper describes the bending strength properties of laminated woods which had three kinds of specimens according to finger length-l2, 4.5 mm and butt joint and the acoustic emissions (AEs) generated during the test. 3-ply laminated wood beams were tension side layers (lower layers) composed of one middle lamina and two side-jointed laminae, with one butt joint (IBJ), one finger joint (12mm, ₁FJ₁₂) or one finger joint (4.5mm, ₁FJ45) in the middle lamina of tension side layer. And 3-ply laminated wood beams were tension side layers (lower layers) also composed of one lamina, with one butt joint (BJ), one finger joint (12mm, FJ₁₂) or one finger joint (4.5mm, FJ45) in tension side layer. Cryptomeria pieces were cut for butt and two finger types and glued with resorcinol-phenol resin adhesive.<br/> The results were as follows:<br/> It was not effective in the bending modulus of elasicity (MaE) with IFJL type and had no difference from finger length. The bending modulus of rupture (MOR) of laminated wood beams including finger joint was the same values as that including butt joint and had no difference from finger length.<br/> It was effective in MaE with FJL type and had no difference ITom finger length. The effect of finger joint on MaR was much higher than that of butt joint but had no difference ITom finger length.<br/> The AE generation time of 1FJL type was earlier than that of the control wood and the number of AE count was much more than that of the control wood. However, the AE generation time of FJL type was earlier than that of the control wood and the number of AE count was much fewer than that of the control wood.<br/> Keywords: finger-joint, finger length, bending strength properties, acoustic emission.<br/>

목재의 마이크로파 건조과정의 동탄성적 특성 ( Properties of Dynamic Elasticity of Wood during Microwave Drying )

홍병화(Byung Wha Hong),변희섭(Hee Seop Byeon) 한국가구학회 1996 한국가구학회지 Vol.7 No.1

This study was performed to investigate the properties of dynamic elasticity and internal friction during microwave irradiation drying. Three species, red pine(Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zuccarini), chestnut tree (Castanea crenata Siebold et Zuccarini) and black locust(Robinia pseudoaccacia Linnaeus)were tested with three heating conditions(l, 2 and 3 minutes repeated treatment). The res 띠ts were summarized as follows:<br/> 1. The dynamic modulus of elasticity(DMOE), in all the other conditions except the heating conditions for 2 and 3 minutes of red pine, had a tendency to decrease as wood moisture content decreased till 20% moisture content and then increase.<br/> The DMOE of red pine dried to the target moisture content was similar or a little higher than that of the green red pine. However, in case of chestnut tree and black locust the DMOEs of the specimens dried to the target moisture content were lower than those of green specimens<br/> The DMOEs of chestnut tree specimens treated for 2 and 3 minutes decreased with the ratio of about 0.9 as compared with those of the green specimens.<br/> 2. The internal friction(IF) had a tendency to increase and then decrease as wood moisture content decreased during microwave heat treatment 때 d the IF of red pine was generally higher than that of black locust.<br/> 3. The drying rate during microwave heat treatment depended not on the number of heat treatment applied but on the total heat treatment time. There was no significant difference between heat treatment times required to dry each species to target moisture content, even though each species had different green moisture content.<br/>