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Allergen-induced airway inflammation and its therapeutic intervention
Paul M O’Byrne 대한천식알레르기학회 2009 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.1 No.1
Allergen inhalation challenge has been useful for examining the mechanisms of allergen-induced airway inflammation and the associated physiological changes and for documenting the efficacy of drugs to treat asthma. Allergen inhalation by a sensitized subject results in acute bronchoconstriction, beginning within 15-30 min and lasting 1-3 hr, which can be followed by the development of a late asthmatic response. Individuals who develop both an early and late response after allergen have more marked increases in airway hyperresponsiveness, and greater increases in allergen-induced airway inflammation, particularly in airway eosinophils and basophils. All of the currently available and effective treatments for asthma modify some aspects of allergen-induced responses. These medications include short-acting and long-acting inhaled b2- agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, cromones, methylxanthines, leukotriene inhibitors, and anti-IgE monoclonal antibody. In addition, allergen inhalation challenge has become a useful method which can, in a very limited number of patients, provide key information on the therapeutic potential of new drugs being developed to treat asthma.
Byrne, John,Taminiau, Job,Kurdgelashvili, Lado,Kim, Kyung Nam Elsevier 2015 RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS Vol.41 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Energy economy restructuring at the city level is an essential prong in any strategy that aims to address the dual energy and climate change challenges. Cities form hubs of human activity that are accompanied by high levels of energy consumption and emissions but also contain existing resources and infrastructure to transition to a greener energy economy. This paper reviews efforts to date to define the ‘solar city’ concept and assessment methods for estimating the solar electric potential of an often neglected but vital city resource in energy matters – its rooftop real estate. From this review, an application of the solar city concept is formulated and an assessment method is offered for its investigation. An illustrative case study is provided, using the City of Seoul, South Korea. Representing nearly one-quarter of South Korea’s population and a one-third of its economic activity, the application of the solar city concept to the city can have significant consequences for the future energy development pathway of the municipality and the country (the metropolitan area of Seoul encompasses nearly one-half of the national population). The research demonstrates that a technical potential equivalent to almost 30% of the city’s annual electricity consumption can be supplied by widespread deployment of rooftop-based distributed photovoltaic systems. Using the methodology developed in the paper, we estimate that sixty-six percent of the annual daylight-hours electricity needs of the City of Seoul can be served by distributed solar power systems on a typical day. It is additionally found that considerable peak shaving is possible, lessening the pressure on the city’s electricity grid. These findings can be expected to extend to other large cities when the solar city concept is thoughtfully applied.</P>
UCP600: An Exercise in International Private Sector Self Regulation
Byrne, James E. The Korean Research Institute of International Com 2007 貿易商務硏究 Vol.36 No.-
The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits ("UCP") may be treated as a useful laboratory for studying the scope and limitations of self regulation. This is due to its almost universal success on a global stage which provides it a perspective rarely available for self regulatory provisions and due to extensive experience of judicial review of it. In this sense, it is worthwhile to examine in brief the latest iteration of the UCP, Publication No. 600 ("UCP600"). This article describes and analyze some of core provisions of the UCP600 from the perspective of their adequacy as an exercise in self regulation. It is attempted first in view of several categories of private rulemaking; definitional rulemaking, default rules, procedural rules, and remedies. After that, it is examined second in view of sound rulemaking which is related to the relative role of law and practice. It points out rich and varied insights into the possibilities and problems associated with private rulemaking in connection with commercial transactions.
GINSENG INHIBITS ACETYLCHOLINE-INDUCED CONTRACTILE RESPONSES OF AIRWAY SMOOTH MUSCLE
O'Byrne, PM,Han, J. H. 圓光大學校 韓醫學硏究所 1995 원광한의학 Vol.5 No.1
Panax ginseng, a traditional herb medicine, has been used in Korea for many centuries as a treatment for chromic disease. Ginsing is known to relax arterial smooth muscle, however, the effect of ginsing on tracheal smooth muscle is not known. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of ginsing on acetylcholine-induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in rats. Sprague Dawley rats (200g, female) were killed by CO_2 exposure and a segment (8-10mm) of the thoracic trachea from each rat was cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5g loading tension. The dose of acetylcholine (Ach) which evoked 50% of maximal response (ED_50) was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for acetylcholine (10^-7 -10^-4M). Contractions evoked by Ach (ED_50) were inhibited significantly by ginseng. The mean percent inhibition was 28±2%(p=0.01) after 1mg/ml ginseng, and 65±3% (p=0.01) after 3mg/ml ginseng. Indomethacin (10^-7M) slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of ginseng. Following treatment with indomethacin, the mean percent inhibition caused by 1mg/ml ginseng fell to 19±2%(p=0.02) and by 3mg/ml ginseng fell to 55±3%(p=0.01)(n=11). Propranolol(10^-7M) did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of ginseng. These results indicate that ginseng can relax actylcholine-induced contraction of rat tracheal smooth muscle, and that this inhibition involves, in part, the release of cyclooxygenase products.